NUCLEIC ACIDS Flashcards
1
Q
is an unbranched polymer containing the monomer units called nucleotides
A
NUCLEIC ACIDS
2
Q
2 TYPES OF NUCLEIC ACIDS
A
DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID(DNA)
RIBONUCLEIC ACID(RNA)
3
Q
IS A NUCLEIOTIDE POLYMER IN WHICH EACH OF THE MONOMERS CONTAINS DEOXYRIBOSE, A PHOSPHATE GROUP, AND ONE OF THE HETEROCYCLIC BASES ADENINE, CYTOSINE, GUANINE OR THYMINE
A
DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID(DNA)
4
Q
IS A NUCLEOTIDE POLYMER IN WHICH EACH OF THE MONOMERS CONTAINS RIBOSE, A PHOSPHATE GROUP, AND ONE OF THE HETEROCYCLIC BASES ADENINE, CYTOSINE, GUANINE OR URACIL
A
RIBONUCLEIC ACID(RNA)
5
Q
A SWISS PHYSIOLOGIST, DISCOVERED NUCLEIC ACIDS IN 1869 WHILE STUDYING THE NUCLEI OF WBC
A
FRIEDRICH MIESCHER
6
Q
COINED DNA MOLECULE AS THREE-DIMENSIONAL DOUBLE HELIX STRUCTURE
A
JAMES DEWEY WATSON
FRANCIS CRICK
7
Q
TYPE OF STRAND OF DNA
A
DOUBLE HELIX WITH ANTI-PARALLEL AND COMPLEMENTARY STRAND
8
Q
TYPE OF STRAND OF RNA
A
SINGLE STRAND
9
Q
LENGTH OF STRAND OF RNA
A
SHORTER
10
Q
LENGTH OF STRAND OF DNA
A
LONGER
11
Q
LOCATION OF DNA
A
FOUND IN NUCLEUS, WITH A SMALL AMOUNT ALSO PRESENT IN MITOCHONDRIA
12
Q
LOCATION OF RNA
A
FORMS IN NUCLEOLUS, AND THEN MOVES TO SPECIALIZED REGIONS OF THE CYTOPLASM DEPENDING ON THE TYPE OF RNA FORMED
13
Q
PRIMARY FUNCTION OF DNA
A
REPLICATES AND STORES OR THE BLUEPRINT GENETIC INFORMATION
14
Q
PRIMARY FUNCTION OF RNA
A
CONVERTS THE GENETIC INFORMATION CONTAINED WITHIN DNA TO A FORMAT USED TO BUILD PROTEINS
15
Q
CONVERTS THE GENETIC INFORMATION CONTAINED WITHIN DNA TO A FORMAT USED TO BUILD PROTEINS
A
RNA
16
Q
REPLICATES AND STORES OR THE BLUEPRINT GENETIC INFORMATION
A
DNA
17
Q
SUGAR UNIT OF DNA
A
DEOXYRIBOSE
18
Q
SUGAR UNIT OF RNA
A
RIBOSE
19
Q
LESSER OXYGEN
A
DEOXYRIBOSE
20
Q
6 MEMBERED RING
A
PYRIMIDINE
21
Q
DOUBLE RING STRUCTURE
A
PURINE
22
Q
[PURINE OR PYRIMIDINE]
ADENINE
A
PURINE
23
Q
[PURINE OR PYRIMIDINE]
GUANINE
A
PURINE
24
Q
[PURINE OR PYRIMIDINE]
CYTOSINE
A
PYRIMIDINE
25
[PURINE OR PYRIMIDINE]
URACIL
PYRIMIDINE
26
[PURINE OR PYRIMIDINE]
THYMINE
PYRIMIDINE
27
PHOSPHATE+NITROGENOUS BASE
NUCLEOTIDE
28
SUGAR+NITROGENOUS BASE
NUCLEOSIDE
29
BUILDING BLOCK OF DNA AND RNA
NUCLEOTIDE
30
NUCLEOSIDE OF ADENINE IN DNA
DEOXYADENOSINE
31
NUCLEOTIDE OF ADENINE IN DNA
DEOXYADENOSINE 5'-MONOPHOSPHATE (dAMP)
32
NUCLEOTIDE OF GUANINE IN DNA
DEOXYGUANOSINE 5'-MONOPHOSPHATE
33
NUCLEOSIDE OF GUANINE IN DNA
DEOXYGUANOSINE
34
NUCLEOSIDE OF CYTOSINE IN DNA
DEOXYCYTIDINE
35
NUCLEOTIDE OF CYTOSINE IN DNA
DEOXYCYTIDINE 5'-MONOPHOSPHATE
36
NUCLEOSIDE OF THYMINE IN DNA
DEOXYTHYMIDINE
37
NUCLEOTIDE OF THYMINE IN DNA
DEOXYTHYMIDINE 5'-MONOPHOSPHATE
38
NUCLEOSIDE OF ADENINE IN RNA
ADENOSINE
39
NUCLEOTIDE OF ADENINE IN RNA
ADENOSINE 5'-MONOPHOSPHATE
40
NUCLEOSIDE OF URACIL IN RNA
URIDINE
41
NUCLEOTIDE OF URACIL IN RNA
URIDINE 5'-MONOPHOSPHATE
42
NUCLEOSIDE OF CYTOSINE IN RNA
CYTIDINE
43
NUCLEOTIDE OF CYTOSINE IN RNA
CYTIDINE 5'-MONOPHOSPHATE
44
NUCLEOSIDE OF GUANINE IN RNA
GUANOSINE
45
NUCLEOTIDE OF GUANINE IN RNA
GUANOSINE 5'-MONOPHOSPHATE
46
PHOSPHATE GROUP THAT LINKS 5' NUCLEOTIDE AND 3' NUCLEOTIDE
PHOSPHODIESTER BOND
47
what happen to purine-purine base pairing?
they overlap
48
four possible purine-pyrimidine combinations
A-T, A-C, G-T and G-C
note: A-T and G-C are the most favorable hydrogen-bonding
49
[TRUE OR FALSE]
A and T are NOT always equal
FALSE
note: A and T present are always equal
50
[TRUE OR FALSE]
The two strands of DNA in a double helix are NOT IDENTICAL
TRUE
note: they are complementary
51
ARE STRANDS OF DNA IN A DOUBLE HELIX WITH BASE PAIRING SUCH THAT EACH BASE IS LOCATED OPPOSITE ITS COMPLEMENTARY BASE
COMPLEMENTARY STRAND
e.g. whenever G occurs in one strand, there is a C in the other strand; whenever T occurs in one strand, there is an A in the other strand. HOWEVER, WITH RNA THE BASE A IS PAIRED WITH 'U' NOT WITH 'T'
52
WHAT IS THE NATURE OF PURINE AND PYRIMIDINE?
HYDROPHOBIC IN NATURE
53
the most common or principal form of the DNA double helix that occurs in nature
B-DNA
54
a form of a DNA double helix characterized by having fewer residues per turn and major and minor grooves with dimensions that are more similar to each other than those of B-DNA
A-DNA
55
Found as artifact of DNA preparation or dehydrated B-DNA samples
A-DNA
56
has been seen to occur naturally under certain circumstances
Z-DNA
57
has zigzag look
Z-DNA
58
helix turn of A-DNA
right handed it winds in the direction of the fingers of the right hand as the thumb is placed upward
59
helix turn of B-DNA
right handed it winds in the direction of the fingers of the right hand as the thumb is placed upward
60
helix turn of Z-DNA
Left handed it winds in the direction of the fingers of the left hand as the thumb is placed upward
61
[Major Groove]
A-DNA
narrow and deep
62
[Major Groove]
B-DNA
wide and deep
63
[Major Groove]
Z-DNA
flat
64
[Minor Groove]
A-DNA
wide and shallow
65
[Minor Groove]
B-DNA
Narrow and Deep
66
[Minor Groove]
Z-DNA
Narrow and Deep
67
Number of base pairs per helical turn of A-DNA
11
68
Number of base pairs per helical turn of B-DNA
10
69
Number of base pairs per helical turn of Z-DNA
12
70
A-DNA is present mostly in...
DNA-RNA hybrids or RNA-RNA double stranded regions
71
B-DNA is present mostly in...
chromosomal DNA
72
Z-DNA is present mostly in...
sequence of alternating purines and pyrimidines
ex. polyGC like dCpGpCpGpCpG
73
what does eukaryote form?
chromatin
74
contains one long, linear molecule of dsDNA, which is bound to a complex mixture proteins(histone and non-histone) to form chromatin
eukaryote
75
have closed, circular DNA molecules in their mitochondria, as do plant chloroplasts
Eukaryotes
76
It typically contains a single, double-stranded, supercoiled, circular chromosome
Prokaryotic organism
77
Each prokaryotic chromosome is associated with non-histone proteins that can condense the DNA to form?
nucleoid
78
Most species of bacteria(prokaryotes) also contains small, circular, extrachromosomal DNA molecules called.
Plasmids
79
What does it form if the strands are underwound?
negative supercoils
80
What does it form if the strands are overwound?
Positive supercoils
81
Underwound duplex DNA has _____ than the normal number of turns
fewer
82
Overwound DNA has _____ than the normal number of turns
more
83
Is analogous twisting or untwisting a rope so that it is torsionally stresses
DNA supercoiling
84
Introduces a torsional stress that favors the unwinding of the right handed B-DNA double helix
Negative supercoiling
85
It favors overwinding of helix
Positive supercoiling
86
[TRUE OR FALSE]
Naturally occuring circular DNA is positively supercoiled
FALSE
note: it only becomes positively supercoiled during replication
87
Enzymes that are involved in changing the supercoiles state of DNA
Topoisomerase
88
2 Types of Topoisomerase
Class I Topoisomerase
Class II Topoisomerase
89
Type of Topoisomerase that cut the phosphodiester backbone of one strand of DNA, pass the other end through, and then reseal the backbone
Class I Topoisomerase
90
Type of Topoisomerase that cut both strands of DNA, pass some of the remaining DNA helix between the cut ends, and then reseal
Class II Topoisomerase
91
is a bacterial topoisomerase that introduces negative supercoils into DNA
DNA gyrase
92
carries genetic information, and undergoes replication that may or may not synchronized to chromosomal division
Plasmid DNA
93
Principal proteins in chromatin
Histones
94
Five types of Histones
H1, H2A, H2B, H3 and H4
95
The DNA is tightly bound to all the types of histone except
H1
96
What do you call the bead-like on a string?
Nucleosome
97
consisting of DNA wrapped around a histone core
Nucleosome
98
complex of DNA and protein found in eukaryotic nuclei
chromatin
99
is an individual DNA molecule bound to a group of proteins
Chromosomes
100
Percentage of Chromosomes by mass DNA
15%
101
Percentage of Chromosomes by Mass Proteins
85%
102
It facilitates the conversion of heterogenous nuclear RNA to messenger RNA
snRNA
103
known as RNA directed to DNA polymerase
Reverse Transcriptase
104
complexes of DNA plus proteins (collectively known as shelterin) located at the end s of linear chromosomes.
Telomere
105
the product of helicase after unzipping the mother DNA
replication fork
106
the one who unzips the mother DNA
DNA helicase
107
The strand that grows continously
Leading Strand
108
The strand that is synthesized in small segments
Lagging strand
109
short segments, as the DNA unwinds
Okazaki Fragments
110
discoverer of Okazaki Fragments
Reiji Okazaki
111
The breaks or gaps in daugther strand
Nicks
112
influence the unwinding of DNA double helix, and the hydrogen bond between complementary bases are broken
DNA Helicase
