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Biology Module 2 > Nucleotides And Nucleic Acid > Flashcards

Nucleotides And Nucleic Acid Flashcards

1
Q

State the number of DNA nucleotide bases that code for a single amino acid

A

3

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2
Q

Explain the uses of the remaining 44 base combination of amino acids

A
  • several are used as triplets

- some are used to start or for termination of the bases

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3
Q

Which nucleotide bases are common to DNA and RNA

A

Adenine
Cytosine
Guanine

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4
Q

Explain why DNA replication is considered to be semi conservative

A

One strand from original DNA and one strand newly formed

The original strand act as a template

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5
Q

Describe the structural relationship between deoxyribose and the other components of the DNA (nucleic acid)

A 
Part of nucleotide 
Joined by a base and phosphate 
Phosphate is joined to C5 and 3
Based joined to c1
Nucleotide is a monomer and DNA is polynucleotide
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6
Q

Name the pentose sugars in DNA and RNA

A

DNA- deoxyribose

RNA-ribose

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7
Q

Describe how polynucleotide strands aww formed and broken down

A

Condensation reaction between nucleotide from strong phosphodiester bonds (sugar-phosphate backbone)
Hydrolysis reaction to break these bonds
Enzymes catalyse these reactions

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8
Q

Define the structure of DNA

A

Molecule twist to form a double helix of 2 deoxyribose polynucleotide strands
Hydrogen bonds form between complementary base pairs(AT & GC)
Strands that run antiparallel

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9
Q

Name the purine bases and describe their structure

A

Adenine C5H5N5
Guanine C5H5N5O
Two ring molecules

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10
Q

Name the pyrimidine bases and describe their structure

A

Thymine c5H6N2O2
Cytosine C4H5N3O
Unracil C4H4N2O2

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11
Q

Name the complementary base pairs in DNA and RNA

A

DNA 2 H-bonds between adenine(A) +thymine (T)
RNA 2 H bonds between adenine (A) + Uracil (U)
BOTH have 3 h bonds guanine (G)and cytosine (C)

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12
Q

Explain the role of DNA helicase in semi conservative replication

A

Breaks hydrogen bonds between base pairs to form 2 single strands
Each of which can act as a template

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13
Q

Describe the method of semi-conservative DNA replication

A
  • DNA heli case breaks the hydrogen bonds between the 2 polynucleotide, unzip to form two single strands
  • original strand act as a template,DNA nucleotide join exposed bases
  • joined together via DNA polymerase
  • one original and one new strand
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14
Q

What are the features of the genetic code

A

Non overlapping
Degenerate
Universal

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15
Q

How does a gene determine the sequence of amino acids in a protein

A

Base triplet that code for a specific amino acids

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16
Q

What produces mRNA and occurs in nucleus

A

Transcription

17
Q

Outline the process of transcription

A

RNA polymerase binds to promotor region on a gene
Section of DNA uncoils into 2 Strands with exposed bases. Antisense strand act as template
Free nucleotides are attracted to their complementary bases
RNA polymerase joins adjacent nucleotide to form phosphodiester bonds

18
Q

What happens after a strand of mRNA is transcribed

A

RNA polymerase detaches at terminator region
H bonds reform and DNA rewinds
Splicing removes introns from pre-mRNA in eukaryotic cells
mRNA moves out of nucleus via nuclear pore and attaches to ribosome

19
Q

What produces proteins and occurs in the cytoplasm on ribosomes

A

Translation

20
Q

Outline the process of translation

A

1-Ribosome moves along mRNA until “start” codon
2-tRNA anticodon attaches to complementary bases on mRNA
3- condensation reaction between amino acids on tRNA form peptide bonds
4-Process continues to form polypeptide chain until “stop” codon is reached

21
Q

Describe the structure of ATP and ADP

A

ATP has 3 inorganic phosphate groups whereas ADP has 2

22
Q

What is a mutation

A

An alternation to the DNA base sequence

Arise spontaneously during DNA replication

23
Q

What bases are purine and define their structure

A

Adenine
Guanine
Two carbon nitrogen rings

24
Q

What bases are pyrimidine and define their structure

A

Cytosine
Thymine
One carbon nitrogen ring

25
Q

What type of nucleotides are phosphorylated

A

ATP and ADP

Add one more phosphate group to it

26
Q

What are the three main types of RNA

A

Messenger RNA
Transfer RNA
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

27
Q

Function of mRNA

A

Made in nucleus

Transfers genetic code or cytoplasm

28
Q

Function of tRNA

A

Carries amino acids that are used to make proteins

Has an amino acid binding site on one end and three bases at the other end called an anticodon

29
Q

Ribosomal RNA

A

Moves along the mRNA strand during protein synthesis

Biology Module 2 (6 decks)

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