Nucs Flashcards by Ray Zhang

Isobaric transition

No change in mass (beta +, beta -, EC)

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Isometric transition

Nrg release (gamma)

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Cyclotron isotopes

Produced by bombarding charged particles: 99Mo, 18F, 67Ga, 201Th

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Nuclear reactor isotopes

Produced by neutron: 98 Mo (makes 99Mo), 131I, 133Xe, 201Th

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Generator

Produced by decay/elution. 99Mo -> 99mTc

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Radionuclide purity 99mTc

Breakthrough Mo. < 0.15uCi Mo / 1 mCi Tc. Measured with shields

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Chemical purity 99mTc

Free Al -> liver, spleen, LUNG uptake.

< 10ug Al per mL

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Radiochemical purity 99mTc

Free Tc -> stomach, salivary glands, thyroid uptake
> 95% Na99mTcO4
> 92% 99mTcMAA
> 91% all other 99mTc radiotracers
-assessed by liquid chromotography

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Types of collimators

1) Parallel (workhorse) IIIIII
2) Pinhole (thyroid) - mags and inverts
3) Converging - mags //II
4) Diverging - minimizes \II//

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Downscatter

Use lower nrg isotope first if pt needs multiple isotopes
- Compton scatter from higher nrg isotop obscures lower nrg peaks

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Star artifact

septal penetration from hexagonal collimator

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Field Uniformity Test (SPECT)

Flood test. Daily w/ collimator

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Nrg Window Test (SPECT)

Daily

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Image linearity and spatial resolution test (SPECT)

Weekly

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Geiger Counter/Ion chamber calibration test

Yearly

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Center of rotation (SPECT)

Monthly

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Consistency test (Ionization chamber)

Daily

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Linearity test (ionization chamber)

Quarterly

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Accuracy (Ionization chamber)

During installation, annually

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Geometry test (Ionization chamber)

During installation, when moved

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Major Spills

> 100 mCi Tc, Th
10 mCi In, 123I, 67Ga
1 mCi 131I

Clear area, cover spill, notify Rad safety

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Dose limit - general public

< 2 mrem/hr

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Occupational limit body

5 mrem (50 mSv) / yr

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Occupational limit lens

15 mrem (150 mSv)

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Occupational limit single organ (ie: skin)

50 mrem (500 mSv)

Occupational limit extremity

50 mrem (500 mSv)

Occupational limit embryo

0.5 mrem (5 mSv)

Limit hot sink

1 Ci

Dose limit 131I to general public

5 mSv

Reportable event

> 5 rem or > 50 rem single organ Call NRC 24 hrs Write letter 15 days Notify doctor 24 hrs

White 1 Receiving Isotopes

< 0.5mRem/hr @ surface 0 mRem/hr @ 1m

Yellow 2 Receiving Isotopes

< 50 mRem/hr @ 1m, > 0.5

Yellow 3 Receiving Isotopes

< 200 mRem/hr @ 1 m, > 50

Yellow 2 Transporting Isotopes

< 1 mRem/hr

Yellow 3 Transporting Isotopes

> 1 mRem/hr, < 10 mRem/hr

Uniformity test (PET)

Blank scan. Daily

Normalization scan (PET)

Monthly

99mTc

140 keV, 6hr

201Tl

69-83 keV, 3 days

133Xe

81 keV, 5.2 days

123I

159 keV, 13 hr

131I

364 keV, 8.1 days

67Ga

93, 184, 296, (388) keV, 78 hr

111In

171, 245 keV, 2.8 days

BioD 123I-MIBG

*Liver > spleen* Peds patient Salivary glands Myocardial activity

BioD 111In Octreoscan

*Spleen > liver* Salivary glands No myocardial activity

BioD 99Tc-Sestamibi

*Thyroid* Heart Liver

BioD 18F-FACBC (Axumin)

*Intense pancreas* No brain

BioD 67 Ga

*Lacrimal glands*

BioD DOTATATE

*Intense Pituitary* No brain Intense spleen

Low NRG collimator

< 150 keV (Tc)

Medium NRG collimator

< 300 keV. NOT Tc, NOT 131I

High NRG collimator

> 300 keV. 131I only

Written Directive

1. Name 2. Radioisotope (Therapy) 3. Dosage 4. Route *Required for 131I > 30 uCi, or any therapy

Stochastic model

(Random), no threshold. Increase radiation dose increases chance

Deterministic model

Threshold dose -> effect

Most sensitive phase of cell cycle

M phase. Followed by G2. S least sensitive.

Acute radiation syndrome (ARS)

NVD, Feel OK, Possible death Faster symptoms appear, worse outcome. > 2 Gy

Fetal radiation effects

Implantation -> can result in fetal loss if > 100 mGy. No lasting effects. 8-15 wks - sensitive time. Mental retardation/decreased head diameter > 15 wks - less sensitive Fetal IQ drops 30 pts for every sv. 40% risk of retardation at 1 sv.

Skin erythema

2 Gy

Telangiectasia

10 Gy, 52 wks

Desquamation

13-18 Gy

Ulceration

18-24 Gy

Temporary Epilation

3 Gy

Permanent Epilation

7 Gy

Radiation-induced cataracts

Posterior lens

Male temporary sterility

0.15 - 2.5 Gy

Male permanent sterility

5 Gy

Female sterility

2-10 Gy (higher in young females)

Background radiation

~3 mSv/yr

Fetal death

100 mGy in first 2 weeks

Most radiosensitive organ

Breast > gonads

Shielding

Gamma rays - high Z material (lead, concrete)