NUR 220 - Musculoskeletal and Neuro Flashcards
(78 cards)
1
Q
condyloid
A
wrist joint
2
Q
saddle
A
thumb
3
Q
pivot
A
forearm (radioulnar)
4
Q
gliding
A
little bones in hand
5
Q
hinge
A
elbow and knee joint
6
Q
ball and socket
A
shoulder + hip joint
7
Q
what do you palpate joints for?
A
temperature, tissue integrity, and shape
8
Q
goniometer
A
measures joints range of motion
9
Q
what is a fracture?
A
partial or complete break in continutity of the bone
10
Q
what is a pathologic fracture?
A
fracture caused by weakness in bone (osteoporosis or neoplasm)
11
Q
open vs. closed fracture
A
open is bone outside skin and closed is skin still intact
12
Q
what causes musculoskeletal deformity or loss of function?
A
- tissue shortening around bone
- localized edema
13
Q
factors that can cause osteoporosis
A
- age
- lack of estrogen
- calcium deficiency
- lack of exercise
14
Q
when do patients know they have arthritis?
A
- not until they realize loss of height, fractures, or kyphosis
- osteoporosis is asymptomatic
15
Q
kyphosis
A
hunch back
16
Q
lordosis
A
extra arched back, hips forward
17
Q
what is osteoarthritis
A
breakdown in articular cartilage
18
Q
what joints does osteoarthritis affect?
A
- weight bearing joints (hips, knees, vertebrae, ankles)
- hands and fingers
- joints with repetitive movement (sports)
19
Q
what is joint inflammation
A
bone on bone movement - no cartilage anymore
20
Q
heberdens nodes
A
swelling of finger joints more towards nail bed (distal)
21
Q
bouchards nodes
A
swelling of finger joints more towards knucles (proximal)
22
Q
symptoms of osteoarthritis
A
- joint edema
- aching pain
23
Q
what kind of secretion is found in people with Gout?
A
Uric acid
24
Q
what is thought to cause Gout
A
missing the enzyme needed to metabolize purines to be peed out
25
where does uric acid like to accumulate?
- big toe (most common)
- wrists, hands, ankles, knees
26
what does gout look like?
erythema (redness) and edema of joints
27
what is Tophi
pea-like deposits of uric acid
28
where does Tophi show up?
- ear cartilage
- subcutaneous tissue + other joints
29
what can kidney stone from uric acid cause in the body?
- flank pain
- costovertebral angle tenderness
30
what kind of scoliosis is thought to be genetic?
idiopathic scoliosis
31
who is most at risk for scoliosis
girls more than boys
32
non genetic causes of scoliosis
- deformed spine
- neuromuscular disease
- traumatic injury
- unequal leg length
33
what is considered "mild" scoliosis
curvature between 10% and 20%
34
intracranial regulation
mechanisms that facilitate or impair neurologic function
35
interrelationships
how other body systems work with the neurological systme to keep us alive
36
sensory perception
interact with the environment using the five senses
37
tactile perception
ability to sense stuff through touch
38
afferent messages
from sensory receptors to CNS
39
efferent messages
CNS sends motor and autonomic messages out to muscles and glands
40
somatic fibers
controls muscle contractions (voluntary)
41
autonomic fibers
controls smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands, and adipose tissue (involuntary)
42
how many cranial nerves?
12 pairs
43
how many spinal nerve?
31 pairs
44
somatic and autonomic are part of which nervous system?
peripheral
45
which system mediates unconcious activity?
autonomic
46
what are the four lobes of the brain
frontal, parietak, temporal, occipital
47
which lobe contains primary motor cortex and controls voluntary movement?
frontal
48
which area is responsible for word formulation and where is it located?
brocas area located in left frontal lobe
49
which lobe controls intellectual function, awareness of self, personality, and autonomic emotional responses?
frontal
50
which lobe contins primary somesthetic (sensory) cortex and receives sensory input?
parietal
51
which lobe contains the primary auditory cortex?
temporal lobe
52
where is Wernickes area?
left temporal lobe
53
what does Wernickes area do?
- comprehend spoken + written language
- interpret auditory, visual, and sensory imputs from thoughts and memory
54
which lobe contains primary visual cortex and interprets visual info?
occipital
55
three parts of the brainstem
midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
56
10 of the 12 cranial nerves originate from where?
brainstem
57
midbrain function
send muscle movement stimuli to other parts of the brain
58
pons function
sends impulses to brain centers and lower spinal nerves
59
medulla oblongata function
reflexes such as breathing, sneexing, vomiting, vasoconstriction
60
function of the cerebellum
- balance
- coordinating function
- maintaining equilibrium
- muscle tone
- proprioception (sense of self movement)
61
what does the cervical spine control?
diaphragm, chest wall, arms and shoulders
62
what does the thoracic spine control?
upper body and GI function
63
what does the lumbar and sacral spine control
lower body, bowl + bladder movement
64
purpose of autonomic nervous system
regulate bodys internal environment in tandem with endocrine system
65
which is the fight or flight system?
sympathetic
66
which is the rest and digest or breed and feed system?
parasympathetic
67
what is the earliest and most sensitive indicator of alterations in cerebral function?
change in LOC
68
when is the only time you can inflict pain on a patient?
when doing GCS assessment
69
romberg test
patient stands with eyes closed and you put arms out in case they fall
70
what is the purpose of romberg test
assess cerebellar function
71
how to test kinesthetic sensation
move finger or toe up or down
72
how to test stereognosis
have patient identify object in hand
73
how to test grapesthesia
have patient identify drawing of number or letter on hand
74
clonus
repeated reflex muscular movements (involuntary muscle spasms)
75
disorders of peripheral nerves
- myasthenia gravias
- guillian barre syndrome
76
decorticate
abnormal flexion - arms held tightly up to body
77
decerebrate
abnormal extension - arms held rigid at sides of body
78
4 things to immediately report in neuro
1. sudden or subtle changes in LOC
2. decrease in 2 points from GCS
3. abnormal flexion or extension
4. pinpoint, dilated, and nonreactive pupils
