Nur exam 3 Flashcards
(36 cards)
How do we define pain?
Unpleasant sensory/emotional experience
Pain can interfere with quality of life and is also protective.
What are the classifications of pain by origin?
- Cutaneous/superficial
- Deep somatic
- Visceral
- Radiating
- Referred
- Phantom
- Psychogenic
What characterizes cutaneous/superficial pain?
Arises in skin or subcutaneous tissue; short term pain from abrasions, cuts, burns.
What is deep somatic pain?
Localized, described as achy or tender; originates in ligaments, tendons, nerves, blood vessels, and bones.
Describe visceral pain.
Stimulation of deep pain receptors in the abdominal cavity, cranium, thorax; described as tight, pressure, or crampy; not well localized.
What is radiating pain?
Starts at the origin of pain but extends to other locations.
Define referred pain.
Occurs in an area distant from the source of pain.
What is phantom pain?
Perceived to originate from an area that has been surgically removed.
What is psychogenic pain?
Pain believed to arise from the mind, perceived despite no physical cause.
What factors influence pain?
- Emotions
- Past experience with pain
- Developmental stage
- Sociocultural factors
- Communication skills
- Cognitive impairments
What are nonverbal signs of pain?
- Elevated pulse/blood pressure
- Crying, moaning
- Grimacing
- Changes in facial expression, posture, body position
- Vital signs changes
- Behavioral manifestations
What are some nonpharmacological measures for pain management?
- Acupuncture
- Massage
- Use of heat and cold
- Immobilization
- Breathing exercises
- Oral sucrose
List the six classes of nutrients.
- Carbohydrates
- Protein
- Lipids
- Vitamins
- Minerals
- Water
What is the primary function of carbohydrates?
To provide energy.
What major function do proteins serve?
To maintain body tissues and support the growth of new tissue.
What is the effect of fats on cholesterol?
Saturated fats raise cholesterol; unsaturated fats lower it.
How are water-soluble vitamins absorbed?
Through the intestinal wall directly into the bloodstream.
How are fat-soluble vitamins absorbed?
With fat into the lymphatic circulation, must be attached to protein to transport in the bloodstream.
What factors affect BMR?
- Gender (males have higher BMR)
- Growth
- Infections
- Fever
- Extreme environmental temperatures
- Aging
- Prolonged fasting
Define anuria.
24-hour urine output is less than 50 mL.
What is dysuria?
Painful or difficult urination.
What does frequency refer to in urinary terms?
Increased incidence of voiding.
What is nocturia?
Awakening at night to urinate.
What is oliguria?
24-hour urine output is less than 400 mL.
