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NSG > NUR331 Exam 1 > Flashcards

NUR331 Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

cephalocaudal

A

head develops first

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2
Q

proximodistal

A

gain control from near to far
ex. - uses whole arm to write rather than just wrist

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3
Q

differentiation

A

simple skills are learned before complex skills

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4
Q

pediatric stages with ages

A

neonate - birth to 28 days
infant - birth to 12 months
toddler - 1 to 2 years
preschooler - 3 to 6 years
school age - 6 to 12 years
prepubertal - 10 to 12 years
adolescence - 13 to 18 years

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5
Q

erikson - trust vs mistrust

A

infant

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6
Q

erikson - autonomy vs shame and doubt

A

toddler

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7
Q

erikson - initiative vs guilt

A

preschool

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8
Q

erikson - industry vs inferiority

A

school-age

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9
Q

erikson - identity vs role confusion

A

adolescent

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10
Q

piaget - sensorimotor

A

1-2 years

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11
Q

piaget - preoperation

A

2-6 years

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12
Q

piaget - operation

A

school-age

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13
Q

piaget - formal operation

A

adolescent

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14
Q

Explain weight gain of infants.

A
  • lose 10% of weight initially after birth
  • grow about 1 oz per day until 6 months
  • double weight by 6 months
  • triple weight by 1 year
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15
Q

Explain height growth in infants.

A
  • increase 1 inch each month until 6 months
  • increase height by 50% by one year
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16
Q

Explain head circumference growth of infants

A

grow 0.5 inches per month for the first 6 months

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17
Q

When do the anterior and posterior fontanels close in infants?

A

anterior - 12-18 months
posterior - 6-8 weeks

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18
Q

Why do infants lose weight in the first few days of their life?

A
  • withdrawal of hormones from mother
  • loss of excessive extra cellular fluid
  • limited food intake
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19
Q

respiratory rate of infants

A

newborn - 30-60 per minute
1 year - 20-30 per minute

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20
Q

heart rate of infants

A

newborn - 120-160bpm
1 year - 100-120bpm

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21
Q

blood pressure of infants

A

newborn - 80/40
1 year - 100/60
*fluctuates

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22
Q

When do maternal iron stores diminish in infants?

A

5-6 months

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23
Q

When does the majority of the digestive system work in infants?

A

3 months

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24
Q

When do amylase and lipase begin to function in infants?

A

4-6 months

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25
Q

When do infants begin to adjust to the cold?

A

6 months

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26
Q

What is an infants vision like at 1 month?

A

able to follow objects to midline
can see 8-10 inches away

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27
Q

What is an infants vision like at 2 months?

A

able to lift and look

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28
Q

What is an infants vision like at 3 months?

A

interested in faces, begins to associate visual stimuli and event

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29
Q

What is an infants vision like at 4 months?

A

hand regard
follows objects past midline
recognizes familiar objects
follows parents

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30
Q

What is an infants vision like at 6 months?

A

directed reach (reach towards mom)
depth perception

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31
Q

What is an infants vision like at 10 months?

A

understands object permanance

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32
Q

When is an infant able to localize sound and understand a few words?

A

3-6M

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33
Q

When does an infant say their first meaningful word?

A

6-12M

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34
Q

When can an infant hear and follow simple commands?

A

12M

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35
Q

When do infants develop their first deciduous tooth?

A

5-6M

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36
Q

What is the timeline for head control in infants?

A

1M - marked head lag
3M - can hold head up
4-6M - well established head control

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37
Q

Explain the timeline for rolling in infants.

A

5M - rolls from belly to back
6M - rolls from back to belly

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38
Q

Explain the timeline for sitting in infants.

A

6M - infant can sit with support
7M - infants can sit alone leaning forward on their hands for support (tripod)
8M - infant can sit unsupported
10M - can go into sitting position from prone or supine

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39
Q

When can an infant push back with their arms? (strong flexor tone)

A

4-6M

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40
Q

When can an infant crawl forward?

A

8-10M

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41
Q

When can an infant creep?

A

11M

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42
Q

When can an infant bear all their weight on their legs?

A

6-7M

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43
Q

When can an infant stand up while holding onto furniture?

A

9M

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44
Q

When can an infant cruise?

A

10-12M

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45
Q

When can an infant walk well with one hand held?

A

12M

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46
Q

When can an infant sit down from an upright position?

A

10-12M

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47
Q

When is an infant able to bring their hands to midline?

A

3M

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48
Q

When does an infant have the desire to grasp?

A

3M

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49
Q

When does an infant have a two-handed voluntary grasp?

A

5M

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50
Q

When can an infant intentionally bring things to their mouth?

A

4-6M

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51
Q

When can an infant hold a bottle and grasp their feet?

A

6M

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52
Q

When can an infant transfer an object from hand to hand?

A

7M

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53
Q

When does the pincer grasp begin to develop?

A

8-9M

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54
Q

When is a pincer grasp refined?

A

11-12M

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55
Q

When can an infant roll from abdomen to abdomen?

A

6 months

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56
Q

Kohlberg - Pre-conventional Morality

A

“big people say what they must do”
“powerful authorities hand down a fixed set of rules which they must obey”

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57
Q

Erikson - infant

A
  • trust vs mistrust
  • in sync with caregiver
  • cannot tolerate frustration
  • quality of care that the infant receives plays an important role in shaping personality
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58
Q

Piaget - sensorimotor

A

progression from simple reflexes to simple repetitive acts
learns that they are separate from others
object permanence
begin to use symbols
intelligence takes the form of motor actions

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59
Q

Piaget - motor actions of infants

A

Birth to 1M - reflexive
1-4M - primary circular reactions
4-8M - secondary circular reactions
9-12M - coordination of the secondary

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60
Q

When do infants develop a social smile?

A

6-8 weeks

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61
Q

When do infants show excitement towards new things?

A

3 months

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62
Q

When are infants personable and interactive?

A

6 months

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63
Q

When do infants imitate actions and noises as well as show displeasure?

A

7 months

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64
Q

When do infants start imitating sounds?

A

8 months

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65
Q

When do infants start playing games like patty cake and peek a boo?

A

10 months

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66
Q

When do infants understand simple commands?

A

9-10 months

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67
Q

When are infants able to show pleasure and displeasure and do things themselves?

A

12 months

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68
Q

Effects on Prolonged Separation: Stages

A
  1. protest
  2. dispair
  3. detachment
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69
Q

Reactive Attachment Disorder

A

after maladaptive or absent attachment
child may refuse to make eye contact, poor impulse control, destructive to self and others, may lead to antisocial behavior

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70
Q

When is a child’s sight fully developed?

A

6 years

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71
Q

When can a child smile?

A

2M

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72
Q

When does a child begin to turn head to locate sounds?

A

2M

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73
Q

When does a child begin to have taste preferences?

A

6M

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74
Q

When can a child respond to their own name?

A

7M

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75
Q

When is a child able to follow objects?

A

12M

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76
Q

When is a child able to vocalize 4 words?

A

1 year

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77
Q

When has a child expressed several recognizable emotions (anger, sadness, jealousy)?

A

10 months

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78
Q

When are a child’s emotions clearly distinguishable?

A

12 M

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79
Q

What are stressors that infants may face?

A

loss of caregivers, loud noises, lights, and sudden movement

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80
Q

How much do infants sleep in their first 4 months of life?

A

16-20 hours per day

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81
Q

When can an infant sleep through the night with two daytime naps?

A

5 months

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82
Q

When is play non-differentiated? (smiling and squealing)

A

0-3M

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83
Q

When does an infant laugh out loud?

A

4M

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84
Q

What is the major play focus of infants 3-6M?

A

sensory stimulation, learning to distinguish self from environment
solitary play

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85
Q

How does an infant play at 7-12M?

A

can discriminate who they will play with
promotes a sense of security, sensory stimulation, gross and fine motor stimulation
object permanence

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86
Q

Differentiate the stages of language development in an infant.

A

2M - coos
3-4M - constant sounds, laughs aloud
5-7M - vowel sounds
8M - imitating sounds, combining syllables
9-10M - understands simple commands and no
12M - can say 3-5 words with meaning (other than mama dada)

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87
Q

Red Flags in Infant Development

A

-unable to sit alone by 9 months
-unable to transfer objects from hand to hand by 1 year
-abnormal pincer grasp by 15M
-unable to walk alone by 18M
-failure to speak recognizable words by 2 years

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88
Q

Explain a toddler’s weight and height gain

A

weight - 5-6lbs per year
height - 5 inches per year

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89
Q

explain a toddler’s head circumference growth

A

2.5cm growth during their second year

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90
Q

When will a child have 20 teeth?

A

3

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91
Q

What is the overall look of toddlers?

A

pot bellied, legs are slightly bowed, lordosis

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92
Q

When can a toddler walk without help?

A

15M

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93
Q

When can a toddler throw a ball?

A

18M

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94
Q

When can a toddler go up the stairs?

A

24M

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95
Q

When can a toddler run fairly well?

A

24M

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96
Q

When can a toddler jump using both feet?

A

2.5y

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97
Q

When does a child start kicking a ball?

A

toddler years

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98
Q

When can a toddler use a cup well?

A

15M

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99
Q

When can a toddler put a round peg in a board and scribble?

A

15M

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100
Q

Explain the timeline of a toddler building cube towers.

A

15M- 2 cubes
18M- 3-4 cubes
24M- 6-7 cubes

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101
Q

When can a toddler hold a crayon with fingers?

A

24-30M

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102
Q

When can a toddler use good finger coordination?

A

30M

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103
Q

When can a child copy a circle and a line?

A

2 years

104
Q

When does a child know their own name?

A

12M

105
Q

When does a child follow simple directions?

A

2 years

106
Q

When can a toddler repeat three numbers?

A

3 years

107
Q

When can a toddler use short sentences?

A

18-24M

108
Q

When can a toddler identify geometric forms?

A

18M

109
Q

When can a toddler speak 300 words?

A

2 years

110
Q

When can a toddler combine two words together for speaking?

A

2 years

111
Q

When can a toddler fully understand object permanence?

A

2 years

112
Q

Sources of stress for toddlers:

A

separation from parents, loud noises, the dark, certain people or situations, violence, loss of security object

113
Q

Signs of stress for toddlers:

A

negativism (more than normal), regress, rigidity, lack of sociability, tantrums, self-centeredness

114
Q

Sexuality of Toddlers

A

explore body parts, masturbation and self-simulation, parental reactions are very important, learning vocabulary, understand sex role differences

115
Q

How well is a toddler’s language understood at 3?

A

65%

116
Q

How can language development be promoted in toddlers?

A

read, sing, talk
don’t give in

117
Q

Explain play in toddlers

A

focus on increasing control of the body
multiple uses of senses to play
parallel play*
imitation play

118
Q

Kohlberg and toddlers

A

pre-conventional
little concern for why something is wrong, behave because of freedoms/boundaries they are given
action is considered good or bad depending on whether the action is rewarded or punished

119
Q

egocentrism

A

piaget - toddlers
sees the world from their own eyes, difficulty sharing

120
Q

pre-operational phase

A

piaget - 2-6 years
egocentric speech
concerned with why and how

121
Q

When can a toddler control their bowels/bladder?

A

18-24M

122
Q

Explain the weight and height gain of preschoolers.

A

weight - gain 5lbs per year
height - grow 2.5-3 inches per year

123
Q

What motor development skills can a preschooler develop by age 3?

A

ride tricycle
broad jump
balance on tiptoe
balance on foot for a few seconds

124
Q

What motor development skills can a preschooler develop by age 4?

A

skips and hops on one foot
catches a ball reliably

125
Q

What motor development skills can a preschooler develop by age 5?

A

throws and catches a ball well
balances on alternating feet
begins to skate and swim
increased strength and refinement of fine motor abilities

126
Q

What fine motor skills can a preschooler complete by age 3?

A

assemble simple puzzles
manipulates clay
copies simple shapes
stacks blocks up to nine high

127
Q

What fine motor skills can a preschooler complete by age 4?

A

copies crosses and squares
prints some letters
uses table utensils skillfully
cuts on a line

128
Q

What fine motor skills can a preschooler complete by age 5?

A

hand preference is established
grasps pencil like an adult
colors within the lines
cuts and pastes simple shapes

129
Q

Explain drawing in preschoolers

A

3 - copies circles
4 - draw a stick figure
5 - draw several body parts

130
Q

Stressors for preschoolers

A

separation from parents
super natural beings
ghosts
monsters
noises
bad people
injury

131
Q

Sexuality of Preschoolers

A

develops behavior and personality appropriate for culture and sex
“boy shouldnt”

132
Q

Play of Preschoolers

A

associative play
stimulates imagination, gross and fine motor skills, language, and social development
begins cooperative play

133
Q

What are the two most characteristic types of play for preschoolers?

A

imaginative
imitative

134
Q

Kohlberg - pre-conventional stage 2

A

preschool
rules are followed when it is within their own interest

135
Q

erikson: preschoolers

A

initiative vs guilt
want to try everything
may wish negative things on others and then feel guilty about it

136
Q

When can a preschooler say more than 2100 words?

A

5

137
Q

When can a preschooler converse in brief 3-4 word sentences?

A

3-4

138
Q

When can a preschooler use adverbs, adjectives, and more variety?

A

4-5

139
Q

When can a preschooler use all parts of speech?

A

5

140
Q

Explain the growth of school agers

A

weight - 4-6lbs per year
height - 2 inch per year

141
Q

When does a child have all their permanent teeth?

A

12

142
Q

General appearance of school ager

A

slimmer look with longer legs, increase in muscle, thinner at waist

143
Q

What do vital signs look like for a school ager?

A

p - 70-90
RR - 16-24
BP - 112/60

144
Q

When is brain growth complete?

A

10 years

145
Q

When are children susceptible to fractures due to bone growth being faster than muscle and ligament growth?

A

school age

146
Q

When is a child’s vision 20/20?

A

6-7 years

147
Q

What fine motor skills can a child complete at 6?

A

tie shoelaces
cut and paste
print (may reverse letters)

148
Q

What fine motor skills can a child complete at 7?

A

reads

149
Q

What fine motor skills can a child complete at 8?

A

cursive writing

150
Q

What fine motor skills can a child complete at 9?

A

mature writing

151
Q

What motor skills can a child between 6-8 do?

A

ride a bicycle
run, jump, climb, hop
improved hand-eye coordination
brush and comb hair

152
Q

What motor skills can a child between 8-10 do?

A

throw ball skillfully
both hands used independently
handles eating utensils skillfully

153
Q

What motor skills can a child between 8-10 do?

A

enjoy all physical activity
continue to improve coordination

154
Q

Stressors of school age children

A

super natural beings
injury
storms
dark
staying home alone
separation from parents
things on TV
failure in school
tests
being unattractive

155
Q

Play in School Age Children

A

increased physical skill and intellectual ability from other ages
sense of belonging to a group*
need for conformity and ritual
want to be with their peers

156
Q

How does play change throughout school-age years?

A

6 - play games
8- table games (hate to lose)
10 - competition

157
Q

How does temperament of young children correlate to the temperament of school age children?

A

easy children - easily adapt
slow to warm up - uncomfortable in new situations
difficult - act out, may not fit in

158
Q

Attitude of school-age children

A

insists on being first in everything
becomes peer oriented
egocentric
improved relationship with siblings

159
Q

Red flags of school age children

A

school failure
lack of friends
social isolation
aggressive behaviors

160
Q

erikson: school age

A

industry vs inferiority
children gain skills to help them become contributing members of their community
need a purpose
gain competence through technologic and social skills

161
Q

erikson: school age

A

industry vs inferiority
-children gain skills to help them become contributing members of their community
-need a purpose
-gain competence through technologic and social skills
-engage in activities that require practice
-need frequent reinforcement of the “process” rather than the “product”

162
Q

piaget - school age

A

concrete operational
-rapidly acquire cognitive skills
-much less egocentric
-makes judgements on what they think (conceptual thinking)
-life is centered on school activities and friends
-learn reversibility (consequences)
-learn classification skills

163
Q

kohlberg - school age

A

conventional morality
-acts to gain approval
-good behavior pleases others
-respect for rules
-rarely question those in authority

164
Q

parenting tips for school age

A

act as parents, rather than pals
consistent control and structure
instruct them not to act on every urge

165
Q

prepubesence

A
  • 2 year period that precedes puberty
  • differences between boys and girls
  • early appearance and secondary sex characteristics in girls rather than appearance in boys
166
Q

vitals for an adolescent

A

p- 70
RR- 20
BP- 120/70

167
Q

When do adolescents grow?

A

girls - fastest in early puberty
boys - fastest in mid puberty

168
Q

explain weight and height gain in adolescents

A

girls - 5-20cm and 7-25kg
boys - 10-30cm and 7-30kg

169
Q

secondary sex characteristics in adolescent males

A

-pubic hair developed
-menarche or penis growth
-voice changes
-underarm hair
-facial hair growth
-increased production of oil, sweat glands, and acne
-testicular enlargement occurs first
-gynecomastia may occur
-pubertal delay if no enlargement of testes by 14 or if genital growth is not complete 4 years after testes enlargement

170
Q

secondary sex characteristics in adolescent females

A

-earliest change is commonly breast development
-development of pubic hair comes 2-6 months after
-increase in vaginal discharge
-menarche 2 years after development of breast buds
-delay considered if no breast development by 13

171
Q

stressors of adolescents

A

inept social performance
social isolation
sexuality
drugs, war, divorce
crowds
gossip
public speaking
death

172
Q

sleep during adolescence

A

circadian rhythm change that creates a need to stay up later at night and sleep in later during the morning

173
Q

play of adolescents

A

peer activities
increase reading and language skills
organized recreational play

174
Q

safety concerns of adolescents

A

motor vehicle safety
recreational athletic activities
substance abuse
firearms
sex
depression and potential suicide attempts

175
Q

erikson - adolescents

A

identity vs role confusion
-accepting change in body
-establishing values, making career decisions
-become emancipated from parents
-integrates opinions into likes and dislikes
-once identity is established, they work on intimacy

176
Q

predictors of sexual activity

A

-having a steady SO
-using alcohol regularly
-having permissive parents
-not being worried about ones future occupation

177
Q

piaget - adolescents

A

formal operations
-abstract thinking develops
-can develop strategies for improving their learning
-think about how they feel and what they are thinking
-can symbolically associate thoughts with abstract concepts
-gain advanced reasoning skills
-very self-absorbed
-may not be able to come out of their egocentrism
-invincibility
-capable of seeing others’ perspectives
-learn from experiences

178
Q

resiliency

A

ability to bounce back from adversity
-enjoy school, liked by peers, self-efficacy, wide range of coping skills, hobbies and interests, problem solve

179
Q

How should you discipline your infant?

A

redirection, boundaries, parent’s reaction

180
Q

pros and cons of a pacifier

A

pros - provide comfort for infants when they do not need to eat
cons - get dirty easily, difficult to take them away when they’re older, decreases breast feeding, causes dental problems

181
Q

S/S of teething

A

swollen gums, increased finger sucking or biting, difficulty sleeping, decreased appetite, low grade fever

182
Q

teething guidance for parents

A

avoid old wives tales
cold is soothing
anesthetic ointments should be used with caution
analgesics can be used as directed

183
Q

top 10 safety hazards of infants

A

dishwashers, latex balloons, stoves, soft bedding, hand-me-down baby gear, grandma’s purse, bath seats and rings, baby oil/powder, family dog, power windows

184
Q

how to prevent unintentional injuries in infants

A

-never leave an infant unattended on a surface
-crib safety
-infant seats should be on the ground
-close windows
-gates on stairs
-avoid walkers
-use sunscreen
-close up fireplace
-keep small objects away from reach
-avoid co-bedding
-avoid pillows/blankets/ large stuffed animals
-never hold an infant in your lap in the car
-keep car doors and windows locked
-keep infant seat backwards for 2 years
-avoid smoking near infant

185
Q

How to avoid sibling rivalry in toddlers

A

-avoid unrealistic expectations
-avoid/minimize stressors
-allow them to participate
-don’t compare against each other

186
Q

how to handle toddler tantrums

A

-consistency among caregivers
-develop expectations and awards
-reasonable consequences
-ignore*

187
Q

types of toddler discipline

A

-distract and divert
-encourage cooperation
-provide structure
-set limits
-positive reinforcement
-no spanking

188
Q

10 alternatives for spanking

A

-be firm but kind
-pause
-teach
-be positive
-give explanations rather than threats
-be flexible
-refuse to get angry
-drop out of power struggle
-be smart
-offer incentives
-time out

189
Q

time out guidelines

A

-for 3 years and older
-1 minute per 1 year of age
-discuss behavior when the time is up, place them back in time-out if behavior continues
-discipline must occur at time of incident
-be discreet in front of others

190
Q

readiness for toilet training

A

-voluntary sphincter control
-able to stay dry for 2 hours
-regular bowel movements
-skills to walk, sit, and squat
-skills to remove clothing
-willingness of parents
-inpatient with wet diapers

191
Q

common injuries for toddlers

A

-MVC
-drowning
-burns
-poisoning
-aspiration/suffocation
-falls
-bodily damage

192
Q

injury prevention for toddlers

A

-federally approved car seat
-supervise while outside
-keep fences and doors locked
-teach to obey traffic laws
-supervise closely around water
-toilet lid down
-fence around pools
-teach swimming and water safety
-lock up toxic agents
-administer meds and drugs, not candy
-teach them not to play in trash
-have poison control number available
-teach them name and parent’s name
-stranger danger

193
Q

important parental education for toddlers

A
  • correct sexual terminology
  • learn important numbers
  • assess readiness for preschool/ kindergarten
  • learn how to dial 911
  • learn phone number and address
194
Q

how to improve school performance in school-age children

A

-set aside a place in the home for school
-show interest in school activities
-read
-ensure good sleep and eating
-meet with teachers
-be available to help

195
Q

latchkey children

A

-self care before or after school
-increases risk for injury, stress, delinquency
-needs specific guidelines

196
Q

parental guidelines for peer pressure

A

-role play
-talk about things
-consider dress code

197
Q

benefits of physical activity in school-age

A

socialization, better self-esteem, weight control, increased physical ability

198
Q

sleep problems for school-age

A

9.5 hours per night
may resist going to bed from 8-11
night terrors, sleep talking, enuresis

199
Q

auto safety of school age

A

under 12? - back seat only
20-40 lbs - harness straps snug and come through back of seat
40-80lbs - belt positioning booster seat

200
Q

risk factors of mortality in adolescents

A

poverty, neighborhood violence, parental abuse/neglect, parental divorce, using drugs or alcohol, smoking, problems with justice system, pregnancy before 18

201
Q

reasons MVCs are common in adolescence

A

lack of experience, following too close, speeding, texting, alcohol, other teen passengers

202
Q

What is the second most common cause of death in adolescence?

A

homicide
leading cause in African American youth

203
Q

injury prevention strategies for adolescents

A

-life jackets
-safe driving
-promote safe sex
-don’t encourage drinking/smoking
-educate about risks, long term effects of all of the above*

204
Q

warning signs of suicide risks

A
  • behavioral changes - increased risk taking, alienation from family or friends, giving away personal items, writing letters
  • cognitive and mood changes - expression of hopelessness, dramatic swings in affect, preoccupation with death, sleep disorders, difficulty concentrating, hearing voices
205
Q

suicide prevention

A

effective coping, early recognition of depression, social problems, education, peer support systems, restriction of access to lethal means, prevent suicide clusters

206
Q

prodromal period

A

first symptom until feeling badly

207
Q

natural passive immunity

A

immunity until 2 mo because of mom

208
Q

natural active immunity

A

immunity due to having the disease

209
Q

artificial active immunity

A

vaccine
artificially put it into body

210
Q

artificial passive immunity

A

temporary immunity by transferring immunoglobulins from one human to another who has been actively immunized against antigen

211
Q

reasons parents don’t immunize

A

fear of side effects
medical condition
religion
inadequate knowledge
lack of resources
ineffective support for caregivers

212
Q

live vaccine

A

a suspension of live or inactivated microorganisms or fractions of the microorganism administered to induce immunity and prevent infectious disease
ex - MMR, varicella, flu mist

213
Q

killed vaccine

A

whole microbes that have been killed by heat or chemicals or are simply the important part of the microbe that provokes the immune system to respond

214
Q

toxoid

A

modified bacterial toxin that has been made nontoxic but retains the ability to stimulate the formation of antitoxin

215
Q

human immune sero gobulin

A

solution containing antibodies from large pools of human blood plasma, used in immunodeficient persons

216
Q

animal antitoxins

A

solution of antibodies derived from the serum of animals immunized with specific antigens and used to confer passive immunity and for treatment

217
Q

DTaP

A

diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis
5 doses with boosters
IM injection
SE - fever, soreness, redness/swelling at site, pertussis can cause seizures
contraindications - encephalopathy within 7 days, seizures within 3 days

218
Q

Tdap

A

adolescents aged 11-12

219
Q

polio vaccine

A

-4 doses
-SQ
-contraindications - allergic to -mycin, polymyxin B, has a current illness

220
Q

MMR

A

-live vaccine
-2 dose
-contraindications - pregnancy, immunodeficiency

221
Q

HIB (flu B)

A

-killed vaccine
-4 dose
-IM

222
Q

HepB

A

-3 dose
-IM
-contraindications - allergic to baker’s yeast

223
Q

HepA

A

-killed vaccine
-2 dose
-IM

224
Q

varicella vaccine

A

-live vaccine
-2 dose
-SQ
-SE - pain at site
-contraindications - immunosuppressed, pregnant, kids taking steroids

225
Q

prevnar

A

-killed vaccine
-IM
-SE - local reaction, n/v, drowsiness

226
Q

rotovirus

A

-3 dose
-must have when younger than 32 months

227
Q

flu vaccine

A

recommended for 6M and older
children under 8 need 2 doses 2 weeks apart the first time they receive the vaccine

228
Q

tetanus special info

A

need a booster every 10 years

229
Q

synagsis

A

given to prenatal infants or those at high risk to reduce chance of RSV

230
Q

meningococcal

A

start at 11-12, protects against menengitis

231
Q

gardicil

A

3 dose
under 40
protects against HPV

232
Q

What are some reasons that a vaccine should NOT be withheld?

A

-moderate to severe local reactions
-mild acute fever
-current abx
-convalescent phase of therapy
-prematurity
-recent exposure to infectious disease
-hx of non-specific allergy

233
Q

When does an infant get saliva and when do they learn to control it?

A

get saliva at 3M
control saliva at 3-4M

234
Q

What is a risk of introducing solid foods too early?

A

choking
developing food allergy

235
Q

infant nutritional requirements

A

110-120 cal/kg/day
140 cc/kg/day
no solid foods until 4-6M

236
Q

What is the first solid food an infant should eat?

A

iron fortified cereal

237
Q

Should you give an infant under 6M water, cows milk, honey, or corn syrup?

A

NO

238
Q

What is the ratio of formula to water?

A

1 scoop in 2 oz of water
warm bottle
throw it away after 4 hours of being warm

239
Q

Signs that an infant is ready for solid food

A

-doubled birth weight
-drinks 8oz of formula and is hungry within 4 hours
-sits with little support and has good head control
-drinks 30-32 oz of formula each day and wants more

240
Q

When are iron, vitamin C, and fluoride added into an infant’s diet?

A

4-6M

241
Q

When can an infant start having finger foods?

A

6-7M

242
Q

When can an infant start having chopped foods?

A

9-12M

243
Q

What foods should you avoid during the first year of life?

A

nuts, strawberries, wheat, shellfish, egg whites, and citrus

244
Q

What foods are choking hazards for infants?

A

grapes, hard candy, popcorn, hotdogs, raw mini carrots, etc

245
Q

toddler nutritional requirements

A

102 cal/kg/day
115 cc/kg/day
increased need for vitamins and minerals

246
Q

What kind of milk should a toddler have?

A

2-3 cups of whole milk per day

247
Q

When can you introduce skim/other milk into a child’s diet?

A

2

248
Q

What is a guideline for amount of food to age of child?

A

1tbsp of solid food for each year of the child’s age

249
Q

nutritional requirements of preschoolers

A

90 cal/kg/day
1800 cal/day
100 cc/kg/day

250
Q

What guideline for fruits and vegetables should a preschooler follow?

A

5 servings per day

251
Q

What are the nutritional guidelines for a preschooler?

A

70 cal/kg/day
protein needs increase
boys older than 10 need 2500-3000cal
girls older than 10 need 2200 cal

252
Q

nutritional needs of adolescents

A

40-55cal/kg/day (male)
38-47cal/kg/day (female)
females need more iron and calcium
during growth spurts - need iron, calcium, zinc, and protien

253
Q

What are some labs to assess nutrition?

A

albumin, nitrogen balance, minerals
H&H
iron/ferritin
cholesterol

254
Q

Criteria for Nutritional Referral

A

-markedly over/under weight
-mechanical feeding difficulties
-lack of feeding skills
-unusual food habits
-inadequate dietary intake
-nutrition crucial for medical treatment
-physical signs of deficiency
-emotional disturbances related to feeing
-high risk for compromised nutritional status

255
Q

Nutritional Nursing Diagnoses

A

-altered nutrition: less than body requirements
-altered nutrition: more than body requirements
-ineffective feeding pattern
-knowledge deficit
-high risk for aspiration

NSG (12 decks)

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