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NURS 201 Flashcards

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1
Q

Global health

A

is an area of study, research and practice that places a priority on improving health and achieving health equity in health for all people worldwide.
refers to any health issue that concerns countries affected by transnational determinants.

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2
Q

what are some examples that nurses would experience in global health issues?

A

maternal and child health
health inequality
global workforce migration
life expectancy at birth

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3
Q

what are some urgent global health challenges in the next decade?

A

Deliver HC in conflict
health equity
invest in HC workers
access to medication and vaccines
epidemic preparation

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4
Q

Health and Healthcare disparities

A

a health disparity is a statistically significant difference in health indicators that persist over time.
arise from unequal power relations and social inequalities.

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5
Q

global citizen and nursing

A

as global citizen nurses identify and act on health inequalities in the population they work with at the local, national, and international level.

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6
Q

CNA - Canadian nurses association

A

health is a global issue
health is a fundamental human right
RN’s have the responsibility and the right to address social inequalities.

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7
Q

Nursing is a political act:

A

RN’s have the right and responsibility to address social inequalities through upstream approaches and political action.
nurses are to speak up to health
must look upstream and act
code of ethics supports that view.

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8
Q

globalization

A

it is the increased interconnectedness and independence of people and countries

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9
Q

globalization advantages and disadvantages

A

advantages:
communication
economic growth
scientific and technological advantages
improved life expectancy and health fr some

disadvantages:
health inequalities in low rise resources countries
politically disadvantages area
poverty and burden of disease unchanged
disease travel

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10
Q

Health

A

health may mean something different from every perspective and individual.

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11
Q

general population themes

A

multi-sided, self-management, participation and subjective.

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12
Q

Healthcare worker themes:

A

muti-sided, subjective, adapting to change, satisfying life, wellbeing/complete wellbeing and functioning.

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13
Q

health discourse:

A

medical system view of health
healthcare system view
lay perspective
global health perspective

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14
Q

health is political because:

A

some social groups have more of it than others
social determinants are amendable to political action or inaction
health is a right and social citizenship

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15
Q

health policy

A

a movement away from policy focused solely on health care delivery and systems is needed to also consider the causes of social, health, economic inequalities.
the inequalities are caused by macroeconomic policy, trade policy, defence and foreign policy.

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16
Q

RN’s role in human rights

A

to safeguard human rights
nurses uphold principles of justice by safeguarding human rights, equity and fairness by promoting the public good.

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17
Q

Bambra, fox, and scott-samuel (2005) point on health and healthcare delivery.

A

the merging of (conflation) b/w health and health care delivery.
problems related to the health care system are conflated into problems related to health.

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18
Q

documents related to health as a human right

A

the nuremberg code
declaration of helsinki
declaration of human rights
alma ata declaration
ottawa charter for health promotion

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19
Q

universal declaration of human rights

A

Everyone has a “right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of themselve, including food, clothing, housing, and medical care and necessary social services, and the right to security in the event of unemployment, sickness, disability, widowhood, old age, or other lack of livelihood in circumstances beyond his/her control”

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20
Q

health is global

A
  • Is the optimal well-being of all humans from the individual and collective perspective.
  • It is determined by problems, issues, and concerns that transcend national boundaries and it emphasizes transnational health issues, determinants and solutions
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21
Q

history of global health began with:

A
  • the establishment of the WHO
  • the spread of disease with European colonization
  • the principles of primary health care.
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22
Q

history of global health

A
  • The Marshall Plan to reconstruct Europe after World War II
  • Establishment of the World Bank
  • declaration of Alma-Ata
  • principles of PHC
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23
Q

Alma-Ata declaration goal:

A

health for all by year 2000
est. 1978
- Identified universal access to primary health care as necessary to achieve health for all
- Requires political action on health AND social, economic and other sectors to achieve health for all
- People are at the center of health care – individually and collectively

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24
Q

what are the 4 key areas for 40th anniversary declaration of Astana?

A

Make bold political choices for health across all sectors.
Build sustainable primary health care
Empower individual and communities
Align stakeholder support to the national policy, strategies and plans

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25
health promotion
the process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve, their health”
26
goal of globalization ethics:
is to encourage individuals, communities and society as a whole to promote human flourishing and better health for all people.
27
models of globalization from above and below?
from above: Relationships of states and business corporations engaged in economic and politically interdependent activities from below: Refers to the social and political collaboration of international agencies, NGOs, and peoples to improve the quality of civil societies across the world
28
5 qualities of a global ethic:
1. Balanced inclusive decision making Whose voice is missed? 2. Balance between the individual and the community What is the common good? 3. Use reflexivity Is there critical reflection of oneself with empathy for another point of view 4. Openness to new approaches to human rights What are human capacities? 5. Business and Technology What is a realistic view of business and technology
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3 key issues for nurses
1. Advances in technology and the associated outcomes 2. Equity and justice in global resource allocation 3. Challenge of devising a universal ethic that is respectful of diversity
30
health concepts
Is a basic human right, as well as essential for social and economic development Every human being, regardless of economic and geographic situation, has a right to the opportunity for a healthy life
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what can nurses do for global ethics?
maintaining awareness of broader global health concerns, such as violations of human rights, war, world hunger, gender inequities, and environmental changes, and working and advocating (individually and with others) to bring about change locally and globally
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think about the SDH as
pre-requisite for health health as a human right local/global health ethical perspectives
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downstream thinking
the individual as a locus of change
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upstream thinking
society as the locus of change Nurses think about the complex social, political, and economic influences on health
35
determinants of health:
are the broad range of personal, social, economic and environmental factors that determine individual and population health. These relate to an individual's place in society, such as income, education or employment. Experiences of discrimination, racism and historical trauma are important social determinants of health this includes: The physical environment The socioeconomic environment An individual’s characteristics and behaviors
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impact of the SDH
They determine what physical, social and personal resources a person has to achieve their goals, satisfy their needs, and cope with their environment They impact individual choice They determine health or lack thereof
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what are the 12 determinants of health?
income and social status social support networks education and literacy employment and working conditions social environment physical environment personal health practices and coping skills healthy child development biology and genetic endowment health services gender culture
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what is institutional racism and provide examples?
differential access to good, services and opportunities of society by race examples: Colonization has significant impacts on Indigenous peoples Immigration has health impacts, with worsening health over time spent in Canada
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impact on SDH on indigenous people
meaning of health is holistic Unique structural determinants related to colonization include: Historical impacts Political environment Economic environment Social environment
40
geography
Rural, Remote, Isolated and Northern Communities (reduced economic opportunities; access to health care, food, education) Urban communities (gentrification; urban ghettoization) Environmental impacts of climate change and pollution
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food security/insecurity
Food Security is the access to adequate quality and quantities of food
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Marginal food insecurity:
limited choice in food items or worry about running out of food
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Moderate food insecurity:
uncertain access to food impacting the quality and or quantity of food
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Severe food insecurity:
run out of food, with 1 or more days without food
45
globalization as a SDH
some nations are wealthier and healthier - neoliberalism
46
stress caused by SDH:
High levels of cortisol & other stress hormones impact hormonal, metabolic, and inflammatory response: cause increased rates of cardiovascular disease, high B/P, diabetes, CA, preterm birth Psychological impacts of chronic stress: anxiety, hopelessness, exhaustion, worthlessness
47
what is considered a healthy community?
A healthy community process involves equitable community engagement, asset-based approach, healthy public policy, political commitment, intersectoral partnership
48
how would a community be defined?
by geopolitical boundaries or by common interests, goals, beliefs, cultures. a group of people who live, learn, work, and play in an environment at a given time
49
SDH and importance for RN practice:
To develop a broader perspective on health and illness To identify groups at risk To understand the social conditions that affect health
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applying the SDH to nursing practice:
Identify structural/system inequities as a social problem Understand how globalization influences the SDH locally and globally RNs and citizens need to challenge issues of power, equity and social justice
51
intersectoral action
Governance Strategies – Socioeconomic Strategies Environmental strategies
52
how would nurses address indigenous health inequities?
1.Adopt a structural approach – address policy 2.Community strengths-based approach 3.Acknowledge the positive determinates of health Indigenous people hold
53
what else can a nurse do in regards to SDH?
Assessment: what are my client’s SDH? Consider SDH in treatment and follow up plans Know the community and health resources available for clients Engage with the community Use a strengths-based approach
54
Primary health care:
PHC is a philosophy and an approach for improving health care the most effective way of providing equitable, timely, and accessible healthcare Social justice is central to PHC
55
what are the 5 principles of PHC?
1.Accessibility 2.Active public participation 3.Health promotion and chronic disease prevention and management 4.Use of appropriate technology and innovation 5.Intersectoral collaboration
56
accessibility:
Accessibility means the right provider gives the right care at the right time in the right place.
57
public participation:
Effective health care means individual, families, and communities actively participating in decisions affecting their health
58
health promotion:
The goal of health promotion is to enable individuals, families, and communities to live healthier lives It takes into account social, cultural, economic, environmental, and spiritual factors
59
intersectoral collaboration:
Effective health care means working with other sectors that influence health of communities and individuals education, social services, environment, employment, housing
60
3 approaches of primary health care?
1. Primary Care and Essential Public Health are the Core of Health Services Personal Services Population Services 2. Multisector Policy and Action 3. Empowered People and Communities
61
primary care vs primary health care
PC: first point of contact for prevention; immunization walk-ins PHC: a bigger picture; it involves all 5 approaches. PHC is a philosophy and an approach for improving healthcare.
62
population health:
Public health approach at a population level Health promotion, health protection, disease prevention, surveillance and response, emergency preparedness
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multisectoral policy and action.
Fiscal measures Law and regulation Changes in the built environment Information, education Communication campaigns
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multisectoral policy and action.
Fiscal measures Law and regulation Changes in the built environment Information, education Communication campaigns
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why is the progress slow for implementation of PHC?
PHC is not the focus of the Canadian health care system The Canadian health care system does not focus on health promotion and primary prevention
66
local and global benefits of PHC
- PHC allows health care systems to adapt and respond to global changes and emerging health challenges - Focus is on promotion and prevention, SDH, and people centered approach - Best way to address health equity - SDGs and universal health care for all can only be achieved with a strong emphasis on PHC
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the Canadian health act:
Public administration Accessibility Comprehensiveness Universality Portability
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public administration:
Provinces and territories must be publicly accountable for the funding they receive Health insurance must be managed by a non profit authority
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accessibility
Canadians must have reasonable access to insured services without charges or paying user fees
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comprehensiveness
Provincial and Territorial health insurance programs must include medically necessary services.
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universality:
Provinces and Territories must provide services to all insured people of the province/territory, with uniform terms and conditions.
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portability:
Portability refers to the requirement of Provinces and Territories to: Cover insured services to Canadians residents visiting another province/territory for less than 3 months, or the first 3 months of a move to another province/terriotry Have a maximum 3 month waiting period for new residents
73
rn role
Understand health in its social context helps us to see that primary determinants of health and illness are social, political, and economic in nature
74
politics:
the process of trying to influence decision-makers to implement changes to improve the lives of clients, communities, and populations
75
nurse leadership:
Nursing leadership is about critical thinking, action and advocacy - and it happens in all roles and domains of nursing practice
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leadership is:
critical transformative educative ethical inclusive
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interprofessional collaboration?
The process of effective working relationships around health and social issues. goal is to improve health outcomes
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interprofessional education?
students from two or more professions learn about, from and with each other to enable effective collaboration and improve health outcomes
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competency domains:
Interprofessional communication 2) Patient/client/family/community-based care 3) Role clarification 4)Team functioning 5) Collaborative leadership 6) Interprofessional conflict resolution
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interprofessional communication?
Learners/practitioners from different professionals communicate with each other in a collaborative, responsive and responsible manner
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role clarification:
Learners/practitioners understand their own role and the roles of those in other professions use this knowledge appropriately to establish and achieve patient/client/family and community goals
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team functioning:
Collaboration requires trust, mutual respect, availability, open communication and attentive listening, all characteristics of cooperative relationships
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health promotion vs disease prevention
Health promotion involves activities related to health education, advocacy, illness prevention, and strong community participation. (broader concept) Disease prevention is specific to avoiding an illness or disease
84
what does the ottawa charter for health promotion state:
Health promotion is the process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve, their health in 1986 it was the first global conference on health promotion.
85
5 key strategies for health promotion (TOC)
Strengthening community action Building healthy public policy Creating supportive environments Developing personal skills Reorienting health services (sensitive to the needs of the population)

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