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NURS 201 > NURS 201 > Flashcards

NURS 201 Flashcards

1
Q

Global health

A

is an area of study, research and practice that places a priority on improving health and achieving health equity in health for all people worldwide.
refers to any health issue that concerns countries affected by transnational determinants.

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2
Q

what are some examples that nurses would experience in global health issues?

A

maternal and child health
health inequality
global workforce migration
life expectancy at birth

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3
Q

what are some urgent global health challenges in the next decade?

A

Deliver HC in conflict
health equity
invest in HC workers
access to medication and vaccines
epidemic preparation

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4
Q

Health and Healthcare disparities

A

a health disparity is a statistically significant difference in health indicators that persist over time.
arise from unequal power relations and social inequalities.

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5
Q

global citizen and nursing

A

as global citizen nurses identify and act on health inequalities in the population they work with at the local, national, and international level.

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6
Q

CNA - Canadian nurses association

A

health is a global issue
health is a fundamental human right
RN’s have the responsibility and the right to address social inequalities.

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7
Q

Nursing is a political act:

A

RN’s have the right and responsibility to address social inequalities through upstream approaches and political action.
nurses are to speak up to health
must look upstream and act
code of ethics supports that view.

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8
Q

globalization

A

it is the increased interconnectedness and independence of people and countries

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9
Q

globalization advantages and disadvantages

A

advantages:
communication
economic growth
scientific and technological advantages
improved life expectancy and health fr some

disadvantages:
health inequalities in low rise resources countries
politically disadvantages area
poverty and burden of disease unchanged
disease travel

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10
Q

Health

A

health may mean something different from every perspective and individual.

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11
Q

general population themes

A

multi-sided, self-management, participation and subjective.

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12
Q

Healthcare worker themes:

A

muti-sided, subjective, adapting to change, satisfying life, wellbeing/complete wellbeing and functioning.

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13
Q

health discourse:

A

medical system view of health
healthcare system view
lay perspective
global health perspective

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14
Q

health is political because:

A

some social groups have more of it than others
social determinants are amendable to political action or inaction
health is a right and social citizenship

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15
Q

health policy

A

a movement away from policy focused solely on health care delivery and systems is needed to also consider the causes of social, health, economic inequalities.
the inequalities are caused by macroeconomic policy, trade policy, defence and foreign policy.

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16
Q

RN’s role in human rights

A

to safeguard human rights
nurses uphold principles of justice by safeguarding human rights, equity and fairness by promoting the public good.

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17
Q

Bambra, fox, and scott-samuel (2005) point on health and healthcare delivery.

A

the merging of (conflation) b/w health and health care delivery.
problems related to the health care system are conflated into problems related to health.

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18
Q

documents related to health as a human right

A

the nuremberg code
declaration of helsinki
declaration of human rights
alma ata declaration
ottawa charter for health promotion

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19
Q

universal declaration of human rights

A

Everyone has a “right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of themselve, including food, clothing, housing, and medical care and necessary social services, and the right to security in the event of unemployment, sickness, disability, widowhood, old age, or other lack of livelihood in circumstances beyond his/her control”

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20
Q

health is global

A
  • Is the optimal well-being of all humans from the individual and collective perspective.
  • It is determined by problems, issues, and concerns that transcend national boundaries and it emphasizes transnational health issues, determinants and solutions
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21
Q

history of global health began with:

A
  • the establishment of the WHO
  • the spread of disease with European colonization
  • the principles of primary health care.
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22
Q

history of global health

A
  • The Marshall Plan to reconstruct Europe after World War II
  • Establishment of the World Bank
  • declaration of Alma-Ata
  • principles of PHC
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23
Q

Alma-Ata declaration goal:

A

health for all by year 2000
est. 1978
- Identified universal access to primary health care as necessary to achieve health for all
- Requires political action on health AND social, economic and other sectors to achieve health for all
- People are at the center of health care – individually and collectively

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24
Q

what are the 4 key areas for 40th anniversary declaration of Astana?

A

Make bold political choices for health across all sectors.
Build sustainable primary health care
Empower individual and communities
Align stakeholder support to the national policy, strategies and plans

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25
Q

health promotion

A

the process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve, their health”

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26
Q

goal of globalization ethics:

A

is to encourage individuals, communities and society as a whole to promote human flourishing and better health for all people.

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27
Q

models of globalization from above and below?

A

from above: Relationships of states and business corporations engaged in economic and politically interdependent activities

from below: Refers to the social and political collaboration of international agencies, NGOs, and peoples to improve the quality of civil societies across the world

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28
Q

5 qualities of a global ethic:

A
  1. Balanced inclusive decision making
    Whose voice is missed?
  2. Balance between the individual and the community
    What is the common good?
  3. Use reflexivity
    Is there critical reflection of oneself with empathy for another point of view
  4. Openness to new approaches to human rights
    What are human capacities?
  5. Business and Technology
    What is a realistic view of business and technology
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29
Q

3 key issues for nurses

A
  1. Advances in technology and the associated outcomes
  2. Equity and justice in global resource allocation
  3. Challenge of devising a universal ethic that is respectful of diversity
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30
Q

health concepts

A

Is a basic human right, as well as essential for social and economic development
Every human being, regardless of economic and geographic situation, has a right to the opportunity for a healthy life

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31
Q

what can nurses do for global ethics?

A

maintaining awareness of broader global health concerns, such as violations of human rights, war, world hunger, gender inequities, and environmental changes, and working and advocating (individually and with others) to bring about change locally and globally

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32
Q

think about the SDH as

A

pre-requisite for health
health as a human right
local/global health
ethical perspectives

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33
Q

downstream thinking

A

the individual as a locus of change

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34
Q

upstream thinking

A

society as the locus of change
Nurses think about the complex social, political, and economic influences on health

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35
Q

determinants of health:

A

are the broad range of personal, social, economic and environmental factors that determine individual and population health.
These relate to an individual’s place in society, such as income, education or employment. Experiences of discrimination, racism and historical trauma are important social determinants of health
this includes:
The physical environment
The socioeconomic environment
An individual’s characteristics and behaviors

36
Q

impact of the SDH

A

They determine what physical, social and personal resources a person has to achieve their goals, satisfy their needs, and cope with their environment
They impact individual choice
They determine health or lack thereof

37
Q

what are the 12 determinants of health?

A

income and social status
social support networks
education and literacy
employment and working conditions
social environment
physical environment
personal health practices and coping skills
healthy child development
biology and genetic endowment
health services
gender
culture

38
Q

what is institutional racism and provide examples?

A

differential access to good, services and opportunities of society by race
examples:
Colonization has significant impacts on Indigenous peoples
Immigration has health impacts, with worsening health over time spent in Canada

39
Q

impact on SDH on indigenous people

A

meaning of health is holistic Unique structural determinants related to colonization include:
Historical impacts
Political environment
Economic environment
Social environment

40
Q

geography

A

Rural, Remote, Isolated and Northern Communities (reduced economic opportunities; access to health care, food, education)
Urban communities (gentrification; urban ghettoization)
Environmental impacts of climate change and pollution

41
Q

food security/insecurity

A

Food Security is the access to adequate quality and quantities of food

42
Q

Marginal food insecurity:

A

limited choice in food items or worry about running out of food

43
Q

Moderate food insecurity:

A

uncertain access to food impacting the quality and or quantity of food

44
Q

Severe food insecurity:

A

run out of food, with 1 or more days without food

45
Q

globalization as a SDH

A

some nations are wealthier and healthier - neoliberalism

46
Q

stress caused by SDH:

A

High levels of cortisol & other stress hormones impact hormonal, metabolic, and inflammatory response:
cause increased rates of cardiovascular disease, high B/P, diabetes, CA, preterm birth
Psychological impacts of chronic stress:
anxiety, hopelessness, exhaustion, worthlessness

47
Q

what is considered a healthy community?

A

A healthy community process involves equitable community engagement, asset-based approach, healthy public policy, political commitment, intersectoral partnership

48
Q

how would a community be defined?

A

by geopolitical boundaries or by common interests, goals, beliefs, cultures.
a group of people who live, learn, work, and play in an environment at a given time

49
Q

SDH and importance for RN practice:

A

To develop a broader perspective on health and illness
To identify groups at risk
To understand the social conditions that affect health

50
Q

applying the SDH to nursing practice:

A

Identify structural/system inequities as a social problem
Understand how globalization influences the SDH locally and globally
RNs and citizens need to challenge issues of power, equity and social justice

51
Q

intersectoral action

A

Governance Strategies –
Socioeconomic Strategies
Environmental strategies

52
Q

how would nurses address indigenous health inequities?

A

1.Adopt a structural approach – address policy
2.Community strengths-based approach
3.Acknowledge the positive determinates of health Indigenous people hold

53
Q

what else can a nurse do in regards to SDH?

A

Assessment: what are my client’s SDH?
Consider SDH in treatment and follow up plans
Know the community and health resources available for clients
Engage with the community
Use a strengths-based approach

54
Q

Primary health care:

A

PHC is a philosophy and an approach for improving health care
the most effective way of providing equitable, timely, and accessible healthcare
Social justice is central to PHC

55
Q

what are the 5 principles of PHC?

A

1.Accessibility
2.Active public participation
3.Health promotion and chronic disease prevention and management
4.Use of appropriate technology and innovation
5.Intersectoral collaboration

56
Q

accessibility:

A

Accessibility means the right provider gives the right care at the right time in the right place.

57
Q

public participation:

A

Effective health care means individual, families, and communities actively participating in decisions affecting their health

58
Q

health promotion:

A

The goal of health promotion is to enable individuals, families, and communities to live healthier lives
It takes into account social, cultural, economic, environmental, and spiritual factors

59
Q

intersectoral collaboration:

A

Effective health care means working with other sectors that influence health of communities and individuals
education, social services, environment, employment, housing

60
Q

3 approaches of primary health care?

A
  1. Primary Care and Essential Public Health are the Core of Health Services
    Personal Services
    Population Services
  2. Multisector Policy and Action
  3. Empowered People and Communities
61
Q

primary care vs primary health care

A

PC: first point of contact for prevention; immunization walk-ins
PHC: a bigger picture; it involves all 5 approaches.
PHC is a philosophy and an approach for improving healthcare.

62
Q

population health:

A

Public health approach at a population level
Health promotion, health protection, disease prevention, surveillance and response, emergency preparedness

63
Q

multisectoral policy and action.

A

Fiscal measures
Law and regulation
Changes in the built environment
Information, education
Communication campaigns

64
Q

multisectoral policy and action.

A

Fiscal measures
Law and regulation
Changes in the built environment
Information, education
Communication campaigns

65
Q

why is the progress slow for implementation of PHC?

A

PHC is not the focus of the Canadian health care system
The Canadian health care system does not focus on health promotion and primary prevention

66
Q

local and global benefits of PHC

A
  • PHC allows health care systems to adapt and respond to global changes and emerging health challenges
  • Focus is on promotion and prevention, SDH, and people centered approach
  • Best way to address health equity
  • SDGs and universal health care for all can only be achieved with a strong emphasis on PHC
67
Q

the Canadian health act:

A

Public administration
Accessibility
Comprehensiveness
Universality
Portability

68
Q

public administration:

A

Provinces and territories must be publicly accountable for the funding they receive

Health insurance must be managed by a non profit authority

69
Q

accessibility

A

Canadians must have reasonable access to insured services without charges or paying user fees

70
Q

comprehensiveness

A

Provincial and Territorial health insurance programs must include medically necessary services.

71
Q

universality:

A

Provinces and Territories must provide services to all insured people of the province/territory, with uniform terms and conditions.

72
Q

portability:

A

Portability refers to the requirement of Provinces and Territories to:
Cover insured services to Canadians residents visiting another province/territory for less than 3 months, or the first 3 months of a move to another province/terriotry
Have a maximum 3 month waiting period for new residents

73
Q

rn role

A

Understand health in its social context helps us to see that primary determinants of health and illness are social, political, and economic in nature

74
Q

politics:

A

the process of trying to influence decision-makers to implement changes to improve the lives of clients, communities, and populations

75
Q

nurse leadership:

A

Nursing leadership is about critical thinking, action and advocacy - and it happens in all roles and domains of nursing practice

76
Q

leadership is:

A

critical
transformative
educative
ethical
inclusive

77
Q

interprofessional collaboration?

A

The process of effective working relationships around health and social issues.
goal is to improve health outcomes

78
Q

interprofessional education?

A

students from two or more professions learn about, from and with each other to enable effective collaboration and improve health outcomes

79
Q

competency domains:

A

Interprofessional communication
2) Patient/client/family/community-based care
3) Role clarification
4)Team functioning
5) Collaborative leadership
6) Interprofessional conflict resolution

80
Q

interprofessional communication?

A

Learners/practitioners from different professionals communicate with each other in a collaborative, responsive and responsible manner

81
Q

role clarification:

A

Learners/practitioners understand their own role and the roles of those in other professions
use this knowledge appropriately to establish and achieve patient/client/family and community goals

82
Q

team functioning:

A

Collaboration requires trust, mutual respect, availability, open communication and attentive listening, all characteristics of cooperative relationships

83
Q

health promotion vs disease prevention

A

Health promotion involves activities related to health education, advocacy, illness prevention, and strong community participation. (broader concept)
Disease prevention is specific to avoiding an illness or disease

84
Q

what does the ottawa charter for health promotion state:

A

Health promotion is the process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve, their health
in 1986 it was the first global conference on health promotion.

85
Q

5 key strategies for health promotion (TOC)

A

Strengthening community action
Building healthy public policy
Creating supportive environments
Developing personal skills
Reorienting health services (sensitive to the needs of the population)

NURS 201 (1 decks)

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