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Nurs Spring (2025) > NURS 264 Exam 2 > Flashcards

NURS 264 Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Obesogenic Environment

A

Encourages large portions of high-fat, energy-dense
foods & fails to encourage healthy behaviors such as
physical activity

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2
Q

What is important about nutrition for Infants and children?

A
  • Birth to 4 months of age is most rapid period of growth in life
    cycle, double their birth weight.
    ➢ Breast feeding recommended.
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3
Q

2 Facts about obesity

A
  • 1 in 5 adults worldwide to have
    obesity by the year 2025
    -Genetics contribution 40 to 70% to obesity
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4
Q

What are 5 ways to make a nutrition screening

A

➢ 24-hour recall
➢ Food frequency questionnaire
➢ Food diaries or records—3 days typically used
➢ Direct observation of feeding with documentation
➢ Mobile apps

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5
Q

Additional subjective data considerations for Adolescents (5 Things)

A

➢ present weight.
➢ use of anabolic steroids or other agents to increase muscle
size and physical performance.
➢ overweight and obesity risk factors.
➢ age first started menstruating.

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6
Q

Additional subjective data considerations for pregnant women (2 Things)

A

➢ number of pregnancies and pregnancy history.
➢ food preferences when pregnant.

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7
Q

Additional subjective data considerations for aging adults (3 Things)

A

➢ prior dietary history in ages 40’s and 50’s.
➢ factors affecting present dietary intake.
➢ vitamin D and calcium intake.

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8
Q

Derived weight measure (What is it and how is it classified?

A

Percent usual body weight—formula calculation
* Current weight/usual weight X 100
* 85-95% mild malnutrition
* 75-84% moderate malnutrition
* Less than 75% severe nutrition

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9
Q

Marasmus what is it?

A

Marasmus (protein-calorie malnutrition)
➢ starved appearance

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10
Q

Kwashiorkor (What is it)

A

 Kwashiorkor (protein malnutrition)
➢ well nourished appearance, edematous

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11
Q

Metabolic syndrome (What 5 things are used to diagnose it?

A

Diagnosed in the presence of 3 out of 5 biomarkers
➢ Waist circumference
* Gender-based measurements
➢ Glucose level
* Above 100 mg/dL or being treated for hyperglycemia
➢ High-density lipoprotein (HDL-C)
* Gender-based measurements or being treated for
hyperlipidemia
➢ Triglyceride (TG) level
* Above 150 mg/dL or being treated for elevated TG
➢ Hypertension (HTN)
* Systolic and diastolic parameters or being treated for HTN

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12
Q

Pellagra What is it?

A

Pellagra
➢ Niacin deficiency

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13
Q

Scorbutic gums What is it?

A

Scorbutic gums
➢ Vitamin C deficiency

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14
Q

Follicular hyperkeratosis What is it?

A

Follicular hyperkeratosis
➢ Vitamin A and/or linoleic acid deficiency

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15
Q

Bitot’s spots (What are they caused by)

A

Bitot’s spots
➢ Vitamin A deficiency

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16
Q

Rickets What is it caused by?

A

Rickets
➢ Vitamin D and calcium deficiency

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17
Q

How much area does the skin cover on the body?

A

Body’s largest organ system.
➢ Covers 20 square feet of surface area in adults

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18
Q

What 3 things are skin colour derived from?

A

➢ Melanin—brown pigment
➢ Carotene—yellow-orange pigment
➢ Red purple tones in the underlying vascular bed

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19
Q

Sebaceous glands (What are they)

A

Sebaceous glands
➢ Sebum—secreted lipid substance through hair follicles
➢ Lubricate skin and form emulsion

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20
Q

Sweat glands (What glands make them up)

A

Sweat glands
➢ Eccrine produce sweat.
➢ Apocrine produce milky secretion and open into hair follicles.

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21
Q

What 3 things occur in pregnant women in terms of the skin?

A

Increase in metabolism leads to increase secretion of
sweat and sebaceous glands to dissipate heat.
 Expected skin color changes due to increased
hormone levels.
 Fat deposits are laid down as maternal reserves for
nursing baby.

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22
Q

What sin colour is most at risk for skin cancers?

A

Increased likelihood of skin cancer in whites than in black and
Hispanic populations

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23
Q

What equipment is needed for a skin assessment?

A

Strong direct lighting, gloves, penlight, and small
centimeter ruler

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24
Q

What features should be assessed during a skin assessment? 8 things

A
  1. color
  2. temperature
  3. moisture
  4. texture
  5. thickness
  6. Edema
  7. mobility and turgor
  8. Vascularity or bruising
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25
What should be noted about lesions 6 things?
➢ Color ➢ Elevation → flat or raised ➢ Pattern or shape ➢ Size (cm) ➢ Location and distribution on body ➢ Any exudate: note color and odor
26
What degree should nail beds be?
Profile sign: view index finger at its profile and note angle of nail base; it should be about 160 degrees
27
What is the ABCDEF skin assessment?
* A: asymmetry * B: border irregularity * C: color variations * D: diameter greater than 6 mm * E: elevation or evolution * F: funny looking—“ugly duckling” —different from others
28
Annular or circular and confluent lesions (What do they look like?)
 Annular or circular ➢ Begins in center and spreads to periphery  Confluent ➢ Lesions run together
29
Discrete and grouped lesions (What are they?)
 Discrete ➢ Distinct and separate  Grouped ➢ Cluster of lesions
30
Gyrate (What are they?)
 Gyrate ➢ Twisted, coiled, or snakelike
31
Target or iris and linear lesions (What are they?)
Target or iris ➢ Resembles iris of eyes, concentric rings  Linear ➢ Scratch, streak, line, or stripe
32
Zosteriform and Polycyclic lesions (What are they?)
 Polycyclic ➢ Annular lesions grow together.  Zosteriform ➢ Linear arrangement following a unilateral nerve route
33
Macules and Papules (What are they?)
 Macules ➢ Solely a color change, flat and circumscribed, less than 1 cm  Papules ➢ Felt and caused by superficial thickening of the epidermis
34
Patches and plaques (What are they?)
 Patches ➢ Macules that are larger than 1 cm  Plaques ➢ Papules coalescing to form surface elevation wider than 1 cm
35
Nodules and wheals (What are they?)
 Nodules ➢ Solid, elevated, hard or soft, greater than 1 cm that may extend deeper into dermis than papule  Wheals ➢ Superficial, raised, transient and erythematous, irregular in shape due to edema
36
Tumors and Hives (What are they?)
 Tumors ➢ Larger in diameter, firm or soft, deeper into dermis, may be benign or malignant,  Urticaria (hives) ➢ Wheals coalesce to form extensive pruritic reaction.
37
Vesicles and cysts (What are they?)
 Vesicles ➢ Elevated cavity containing fluid up to 1 cm (blister)  Cysts ➢ Encapsulated fluid filled cavity
38
Bullas and Pustules (What are they?)
 Bullas ➢ Larger than 1 cm diameter, usually single chamber, superficial in dermis and ruptures easily  Pustules ➢ Pus in cavity that is circumscribed and elevated.
39
Excoriations and scars (What are they?)
➢ Excoriations—Self-inflicted abrasion that is superficial ➢ Scars—Permanent fibrotic change after healing
40
Atrophic scars and Keloids (What are they?)
➢ Atrophic scars—Resulting skin level is depressed with loss of tissue and thinning ➢ Keloids—Benign excess of scar tissue beyond original injury
41
Lichenifications (What is it?)
Lichenifications—Prolonged intense scratching leads to thickened skin producing tightly packed set of papules
42
Stages of pressure injuries (What are they?)
➢ Stage I: Non-blanchable erythema ➢ Stage II: Partial-thickness skin loss ➢ Stage III: Full-thickness skin loss ➢ Stage IV: Full-thickness skin/tissue loss
43
Basal cell carcinoma (What is it?)
 Basal cell carcinoma ➢ Most common skin cancer ➢ Occurs on sun-exposed areas
44
Squamous cell carcinoma (What is it?)
 Squamous cell carcinoma ➢ Less common than basal cell but grows rapidly ➢ Occurs mostly on hands or head
45
Koilonychia (What is it?)
Koilonychia (spoon nails)
46
What 4 things should be noted about the older adult population in the US
➢ By 2040, older adults will compose over 20% of the population ➢ Adults 65+, account for more hospital stays & clinic visits ➢ Older adults are heterogeneous, and differences exist among biologic, physical, and emotional rates of aging ➢ Economic costs of aging associated with personal care continue to increase
47
What is the goal of a geriatric assessment?
Goal: Identify strengths and limitations so appropriate interventions can prevent functional decline
48
Functional ability definition?)
Functional ability ➢ Refers to one’s ability to perform activities necessary to live in modern society
49
What does a functional assessment include?)
* Physical Exam * Activities of daily living (ADLs) / Instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs) * Physical Mobility
50
What are the 6 ADL's?
➢ Eating/feeding ➢ Bathing ➢ Grooming (washing, combing hair, shaving, cleaning teeth, dressing) ➢ Toileting ➢ Walking, including propelling a wheelchair, using stairs ➢ Transferring, such as bed to chair
51
Instrumental activities of daily living (What are they?)
 Instrumental activities of daily living ➢ Refer to functional abilities for independent community living ➢ Shopping, telephone use, meal prep, housekeeping, laundry, managing finances, taking medications, using transportation.
52
What 2 tools can be used to assess cognition in the aging adult?
➢ Mini mental status exam (MMSE) ➢ Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA)—more sensitive
53
Informal supports vs formal supports (What is the difference between the two?)
- informal supports are family and close friends who help with things like shopping, bathing and feeding - formal supports are government plans and caregivers who are paid to be there
54
What are the 6 Environmental assessments for the aging adult?
Physical environment ➢ Observations to determine safety and modify potential hazards, safety and access to services  Falls ➢ 20% result in serious injury  Older adult drivers ➢ Account for 18% of all traffic fatalities  Sleep ➢ Screening tools to measure changes in sleep pattern  Spiritual assessment ➢ Individualized inquiry  Special considerations ➢ May require more time to examine
55
Musculoskeletal systems 6 functions.
➢ Needed for support and to stand erect ➢ Needed for movement ➢ To encase and protect inner vital organs ➢ To produce RBCs in the bone marrow ➢ Serve as a reservoir for storage of essential minerals
56
How many of each type of vertebra are there and how many are there in total?
➢ 7 cervical ➢ 12 thoracic ➢ 5 lumbar ➢ 5 sacral ➢ 3 to 4 coccygeal 33 IN TOTAL
57
What portions of the spine are concave and what are convex?
➢ Cervical and lumbar curves are concave (inward or anterior). ➢ Thoracic and sacrococcygeal curves are convex.
58
What are the motions of vertebral column
 Motions of vertebral column: ➢ Flexion, extension, abduction, and rotation
59
What 2 things are special about the knee joint?
Synovial membrane is largest in body. Largest joint in body
60
By what age has a fetus formed the "Scale model"
By 3 months, fetus has formed “scale model” of the skeleton of cartilage. ➢ Ossification to true bone continues in utero.
61
At what age does the last episyphesis closure occur?
Epiphyses: specialized growth plates at end of long bones ➢ Longitudinal growth continues until closure of epiphyses; last closure occurs about age 20.
62
At what age does bone decomposition begin to occur?
After age 40, resorption occurs more rapidly than deposition.
63
What demographic is at the highest risk for fractures?
- Caucasian women
64
What is the purpose of a musculoskeletal assessment?
Purpose of musculoskeletal examination is to assess function for ADLs and to screen for abnormalities.
65
What are the steps to a musculoskeletal assessment (like palpation and auscultation)
Inspection, Palpation, Range of Motion, Muscle Strength, and Crepitus
66
What three things should be assessed for when assessing circulation in the body (CMS)
 C = circulation  Assess color, temperature, cap. refill, pulses  M = motor (movement)  Assess for movement (wiggle toes, move fingers, etc.)  S = Sensory (sensation)  Assess for sense of touch
67
What are each of the 5 levels of muscle strength?
 5 = Full ROM against gravity with full resistance  4 = Full ROM against gravity, some resistance (weak)  3 = Full ROM with gravity (no opposing force)  2 = Full ROM with gravity eliminated (Passive movt.)  1 = Slight Contraction, no movement (visible or palpable)  0 = No Contraction or involuntary movements (paralysis)
68
What is the phalen and tinel sign test
➢ Phalen test —acute flexion of wrist produces numbness and burning if + ➢ Tinel sign test —percussion of median nerve produces burning and tingling if +
69
Where should you measure for leg length ?
- anterior iliac spine to medial malleolus (crossing over the leg)
70
What back posture is common for adolescence?
- kyphosis and screening for scoliosis should be done as well.
71
Get up and go test (What is it used for?)
- Used in older adults to assess risk for falls
72
Ankylosing spondylitis (What is it?)
➢ Ankylosing spondylitis – chronic inflamed vertebrae ➢ Back pain in lower back and buttocks, improves with movement
73
Osteoporosis (What is it?)
➢ Osteoporosis ➢ Decrease in skeletal bone mass, low BMD ➢ Increased risk for fractures
74
Epicondylitis (What is it?)
Epicondylitis —tennis elbow
75
What conditions can be caused by rheumatoid arthritis?
Conditions caused by chronic rheumatoid arthritis: ➢ Swan-neck and boutonniere deformities ➢ Ulnar deviation or drift ➢ Acute rheumatoid arthritis
76
What is fibromyalgia and what is needed to diagnose it?
 Widespread musculoskeletal pain greater than 3 months ➢ Additional body symptoms → fatigue, sleep disturbance, psychological stress & functional symptoms ➢ More prevalent in women than men ➢ Issue with sensory processing → allodynia and/or hyperalgesia ➢ Revision of diagnostic criteria proposed

Nurs Spring (2025) (26 decks)

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