Nursing 2005: Intro to Pathophysiology

Question 0

“Physio”

Answer 0

Study of specific characteristics

Question 1

“Patho”

Answer 1

• suffering/disease

- The study of the body

Question 2

Pathophysiology

Answer 2

• disorders or breakdown of body function

- mechanisms of disease

Question 3

Disease

Answer 3

• disruption of homeostasis (balance and body regulation)
• function is affected depending on:
  Ex: age, health, genetic background

Question 4

Epidemiology

Answer 4

Study of cause and distribution of disease in a population

Question 5

What are the 2 types of epidemiology?

Answer 5

1. Mortality

2. Mobility

Question 6

Mortality

Answer 6

Disease related death

Question 7

Mobility

Answer 7

Disease occurrence

Question 8

What are the 2 types of morbitity?

Answer 8

1. Incidence

2. Prevelance

Question 9

Incidence

Answer 9

Rate or number of disease

Question 10

Prevalence

Answer 10

Total number of diseases

Question 11

What are the factors of disease?

Answer 11

1. Age
   Ex: newborns and elderly
2. Ethnicity
   Ex: ethnicity related diseases
   - cystic fibrosis = white people
3. Gender
   Ex: men = prostate cancer vs women = breast cancer
4. Socioeconomic factors and lifestyles
   - socio eco ex: poverty, malnutrition, sanitation, water quality, quantity
   - Lifestyle ex: diet, exercise, smoke, alcohol
5. Geographic location
   Ex: Africa = malaria
   Humid areas in south = fungal infections

Question 12

Framework for patho

Answer 12

1. Etiology
2. Pthogenesis
3. Clinical manifestations
4. Treatment

Question 13

1. Etiology

Answer 13

Cause/reaction of disease

Question 14

Classifications of etiology:

A. Inherited

Answer 14

Altered of a gene mutation

Question 15

B. congenital

Answer 15

Present at birth d/t prenatal influence

Ex: virus, chemicals

Question 16

C. Infectious

Answer 16

D/t microorganism

Question 17

D. Degenerative

Answer 17

Loss of structure or body function

Ex: joint disorder

Question 18

E. neoplastic

Answer 18

• tumor
• cancer
• malignant/benign

Question 19

F. Immunological

Answer 19

Abnormal immune response

Ex: allergies d/t over sensitivity
Lupus, renal

Question 20

G. Metabolic

Answer 20

• enzyme deficiency

- diabetes

Question 21

H. Nutritional

Answer 21

• deficiency
• decrease RBC, folic acid
• r/t diet

Question 22

I. Psychogenic

Answer 22

Emotional state

Ex: stress = decreased immune system, ulcer

Question 23

J. Iatrogenic

Answer 23

• Treatment causes health conditions
• surgery, invasive procedures

Ex: chemo = decreased immune response

Question 24

K. Idiopathic

Answer 24

Unknown Ex: hypertension = no known cause, could be a combination

Question 25

2. Pathogensis

Answer 25

- occurrence of body after exposure = symptoms - development of disease - factor of pathogenesis

Question 26

Factors of pathogenesis

Answer 26

1. Time - how long pt had disease 2. Amount/quantity - how much 3. Location - what part of body d/t conditions can vary 4. Morphological changes - changes in structure and function of cell depending where it is

Question 27

3. Clinical manifestations A. Symptoms

Answer 27

Subjective feelings of the disease by the pt Ex: nausea, fatigue

Question 28

B. signs

Answer 28

Objective - things you see Ex: increased temp, vomit

Question 29

C. Syndrome

Answer 29

- collection of different s/s that occur for specific disease - vary d/t stage and nature of disease

Question 30

Stages of disease 1. Latent period

Answer 30

- NO s/s | * - interval of exposure can be short/long depending on the disease

Question 31

2. Incubation period

Answer 31

Infection *- can be long/short term

Question 32

3. Prodomal period

Answer 32

- 1st s/s of disease - very vague * not all have this period Ex: headache

Question 33

4. Subclincal stage

Answer 33

Pt has disease but NO s/s Ex: kidney disease

Question 34

5. Acute phase

Answer 34

Disease reaches full intensity

Question 35

6. Convalescence

Answer 35

S/s of recover

Question 36

7. Exacerbation

Answer 36

Sudden increase of s/s or severity

Question 37

8. Remission

Answer 37

- Decrease of disease | - if permanent = cure

Question 38

Nature of disease 1. Acute

Answer 38

- Severe manifestations - Short - Treatable Ex: cold

Question 39

2. Chronic

Answer 39

- last >6 months - lifetime - s/s vary daily - goal is to manage symptoms Ex. Diabetes, cancer, hypertension

Question 40

Implications for treatment: levels of prevention 1. Primary

Answer 40

Prevent altering exposure and susceptibility Ex: safe sex

Question 41

2. Secondary

Answer 41

Early detection Ex: physical exam, self breast examination

Question 42

3. Tertiary

Answer 42

Medics, interventions for advanced disease Ex: radiation, physical therapy, surgery