Nursing Care During Normal Pregnancy and Care of the Developing Fetus Flashcards
(107 cards)
1
Q
Folic acid deficiency can lead to
A
NEURAL TUBE DISORDERS
2
Q
Enumerate 3 midline closure defects (Neural tube disorder)
A
- Spina bifida
- Anencephaly
- Encephalocele
3
Q
is an
important aspect of pregnancy,
it denotes an outcome of a
successful pregnancy and
childbirth.
A
ANTEPARTUM
4
Q
the union of an ovum and
spermatozoon and usually occurs
in the ampullary portion of the
fallopian tube
A
FERTILIZATION
5
Q
Also referred to as Conception or Impregnation
A
FERTILIZATION
6
Q
Only ____ ova reaches maturity each month
A
ONE (1)
6
Q
Time it takes for fertilization of ovum to occur
A
24 HRS
7
Q
Happens when ovum is not fertilized
A
ATROPHIES & BECOMES NON-FUNCTIONAL
8
Q
Functional life of
spermatozoon
A
48-72 HRS
9
Q
Critical time span for
fertilization to occur
A
72 HRS
10
Q
Normal amount of semen ejaculated
A
2.5 mL
11
Q
A 2.5 ml of semen contains how many sperms?
A
50-200 MILLION
12
Q
Average amount of sperms per ejaculation
A
400 MILLION
13
Q
At the time of
ovulation, there is ____ of the
woman’s cervical
mucus, which makes
it easy for
spermatozoa to
penetrate it.
A
REDUCE IN VISCOSITY
14
Q
time it takes for spermatozoa deposited in the
vagina reach the
cervix
A
90 SEC
15
Q
time it takes for sperm to reach other end of fallopian tube
A
5 MINS
16
Q
A proteolytic
enzyme
released by the
spermatozoa
and dissolves
the layer of cells
protecting the
ovum
A
HYALURONIDASE
17
Q
Number of spermatozoon that is able to penetrate the cell membrane of ovum
A
ONLY ONE
18
Q
Develops when
multiple sperm enter an ovum and
cause an abnormal zygote to form.
A
GESTATIONAL TROPHOBLASTIC DISEASE
19
Q
It is formed when the
chromosomal
material of the ovum
and spermatozoon
fuse
A
ZYGOTE
20
Q
No. of chromosomes carried by each sperm and ovum
A
23
21
Q
Total number of chromosomes for fertilized ovum
A
46
22
Q
Chromosome: Female at birth
A
XX
23
Q
Chromosome: Male at birth
A
XY
24
Fertilization is never a certain occurrence because
it depends on at least three separate factors:
1. Equal maturation of
both sperm and
ovum
2. Ability of the sperm
to reach the ovum
3. Ability of the sperm
to penetrate the
zona pellucida and
cell membrane and
achieve fertilization
25
Thick transparent membrane surrounding the ovum which is also penetrated by the sperm
ZONA PELLUCIDA
26
Accessory structures needed for
support
during
intrauterine
life will form
1. PLACENTA
2. FETAL MEMBRANES
3. AMNIOTIC FLUID
4/ UMBILICAL CORD
27
During this time,
mitotic cell
division, or
cleavage, begins.
IMPLANTATION
28
The first cleavage occurs at
DAY 2
29
structure of large cells tend
to collect at the
periphery of
the ball,
leaving a fluid
space
surrounding an
inner cell mass
BLASTOCYST
30
Cells of the outer ring of Blastocyst
TROPHOBLAST CELLS
30
usually occurs
high in the uterus on the
posterior surface.
IMPLANTATION
31
Where does implantation occur?
high in the uterus on the
posterior surface.
32
Low implantation in the uterus in which the growing placenta may occlude (block) the cervix
PLACENTA PREVIA
33
Condition when the placenta blocks birth canal due to low implantation in the uterus
PLACENTA PREVIA
34
An implanted zygote
EMBRYO
35
What happens to the ovum if it will not be fertilized
by a sperm?
It atrophies and becomes
nonfunctional, That’s why
menstruation will set in.
36
What will happen if a sperm will be
around for 48-72 hours?
The successful sperm
will meet the ovum and
that is when fertilization
takes place.
37
are the basis for the signs and symptoms used to
confirm a pregnancy.
PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES
38
Physiological changes can be categorized into:
1. Local: confined to reproductive organs
2. Systemic: affects entire body
39
changes
are those involving the
uterus, ovaries, vagina and
breasts.
REPRODUCTIVE TRACT CHANGES
40
The most obvious
alteration in a woman’s body
during pregnancy
INCREASE IN SIZE OF THE UTERUS
41
Uterus increases
in size to
accommodate the
growing fetus.
Length: from 6.5 cm to ___
Width from 4 cm to ____
Depth: from 2.5 cm to ____
Weight: from 50 g to ___
Length: from 6.5 cm to 32 cm
Width from 4 cm to 24 cm
Depth: from 2.5 cm to 22 cm
Weight: from 50 g to 1000g
42
Thin watery, high protein fluid that is the precursor of breast milk produced by the 16th week.
COLOSTRUM
43
What week is Colostrum produced
16TH WEEK OF PREGNANCY
44
The sebaceous glands of the areola
MONTGOMERY'S TUBERCLES
45
Produces estrogen, progesterone, and HCG
PLACENTA
46
Hormone that helps maintain pregnancy
PROGESTERONE
47
It allows detection of early pregnancy
HCG - Human Chorionic Gonadotropin
48
HCG
HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN
49
It produces increased
levels of prolactin and oxytocin which is necessary for labor contraction
PITUITARY GLAND
50
Hormone which is responsible for milk production
PROLACTIN
51
Hormone necessary for labor contraction
OXYTOCIN
52
Increases levels of
hormones that increase
the basal metabolic rate
by 20% and can lead to
increased emotional
lability, perspiration,
tachycardia and
palpitations.
THYROID
53
Increases level of
corticosteroids and
aldosterone inhibits
immune response
thereby preventing
rejection of fetus.
ADRENAL GLANDS
54
Increases insulin
production
PANCREAS
54
Hormones that makes insulin less effective
ESTROGEN & PROGESTERONE
55
uterus increases
in size the
abdominal wall
stretches then
causes rupture and
atrophy of small
segments of the
connective layer of
the skin leading to ____
STRIAE GRAVIDARUM
56
A narrow brown line running
from the umbilicus
to the symphysis
pubis.
LINEA NIGRA
57
Also known as "Mask of pregnancy"
MELASMA/CHLOASMA
58
Darkened or
reddened areas may
appear on the face
as well and on
cheeks and nose
MELASMA / CHLOASMA
59
A local change that
often occurs here is
congestion or stuffiness
of the nasopharynx
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM CHANGES
60
Experienced earlier in pregnancy and this is the first sensation a woman experiences with pregnancy.
NAUSEA & VOMITING
61
It is known as morning sickness, it is felt at the
same time the HCG and progesterone begins to rise.
NAUSEA & VOMITING
62
____ and _____
needs are increased during
pregnancy because an entire
fetal skeleton must be built.
CALCIUM & PHOSPHORUS
63
It is decreased to prevent a woman’s body from rejecting the fetus as if it were a transplanted
organ which makes a woman prone to infection during pregnancy
IMMUNOGLOBULIN G (IgG)
64
may arise
from the
realization that
one’s roles
would be
changed
permanently.
GRIEF
65
Also known as emotional
lability
MOOD SWINGS
65
Factors causing mood swings (emotional lability )
HORMONAL CHANGES OR NARCISSM
66
A common
manifestation of mood
swings
CRYING
67
Women who are on the first trimester of pregnancy experience a decrease
in ___ mainly because of breast tenderness, nausea, and fatigue.
LIBIDO
68
Pregnancy is a
major change in
roles that could
cause _____
STRESS
69
Psychological Changes in Pregnancy:
1. Grief
2. Mood Swings
3. Changes in sexual desire
4. Stress
5. Introversion / Extroversion
70
refers to
someone who focuses
entirely on her own
body and a common
manifestation during
pregnancy.
INTROVERSION
71
acting more active, healthier
and more outgoing than before their pregnancy.
EXTROVERSION
72
commonly happens to
women who had a
hard time conceiving
and finally hit jackpot.
EXTROVERSION
73
The Psychological Tasks of Pregnancy:
First Trimester:
Second Trimester
Third Trimester:
1. Accepting pregnancy
2. Accepting baby
3. Preparing for the baby
74
Discomforts During Pregnancy
1. Breast tenderness
2. Palmar Erythema
3. Constipation
4. Nausea, Vomiting, Pyrosis
5. Fatigue
6. Muscle cramps
7. Hypotension
8. Varicosities
9. Braxton Hicks Contractions
10. Ankle edema
11. Dyspnea
12. Backache
13. Frequent urination
14. Heart palpitations
15. Hemorrhoids
75
is the constant itching and
redness of the palms but is not considered an allergy.
PALMAR ERYTHEMA
76
Caused by slow peristalsis due to the pressure from the growing uterus.
CONSTIPATION
77
Known as Heartburn
PYROSIS
78
typically occurs when the woman
ate a large meal.
PYROSIS / HEARTBURN
79
Pregnant women experience this
mostly in early pregnancy because of increased metabolic requirements.
FATIGUE
80
caused by decreased serum
calcium levels, increased phosphorus levels, or
interference in the circulation.
MUSCLE CRAMPS
81
prescribed to women who have frequent and unrelieved muscle cramps.
Magnesium citrate
Aluminum hydroxide gel.
82
Occurs when the woman lies on her back and the uterus presses upon the vena cava, impairing blood return to heart
HYPOTENSION
82
tortuous veins caused by the
pressure of the uterus to veins at the lower extremities.
VARICOSITIES
83
varicosities of the rectal veins
that occur because of the pressure of the veins from the weight of the uterus.
HEMORROHOIDS
84
occur when
upon sudden movement the woman
experiences bounding palpitation of
the heart.
HEART PALPITATIONS
85
Caused by the pressure of the uterus on the bladder
FREQUENT URINATION
86
Results from the pressure of the
expanding uterus on the diaphragm. Prominent esp when woman lies flat on bed at night
DYSPNEA
87
swelling of the ankles and feet caused by general fluid retention and reduced blood circulation in the lower extremities.
ANKLE EDEMA
88
From the 8th to the 12th week of pregnancy, the uterus periodically contracts and relaxes, and this is termed as _______
BRAXTON HICKS CONTRACTIONS
89
What weeks of pregnancy does Braxton Hicks contraction occur?
8th to 12th
90
One of the most important
aspects in pregnancy is
NUTRITIONAL STATUS
91
Average weight gain during pregnancy
25-35 lbs
92
The DRI or Dietary Reference Intake of calories of women of
childbearing age is ____
2200
92
Total calories for pregnant women
2500 calories
93
Additional calories for pregnant women
300 calories
94
protein that does not contain all essential amino acids
INCOMPLETE PROTEIN
95
Found in animal protein
VIT B12
96
a fatty acid that cannot be manufactured by the body and must therefore be obtained from other sources.
LINOLEIC ACID
97
essential for calcium
absorption
VIT D
98
Lack of this vitamin will result to tender gums & poor night vision
VIT. A
99
is needed for bone and teeth
formation and should be
consumed by the pregnant woman.
CALCIUM & PHOSPHORUS
100
Aids in proper functioning of the thyroid gland
IODINE
101
can also lower cholesterol levels and removes carcinogenic contaminants from the intestine.
FIBER
