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NCM-109 > Nursing Care of a Family When a Child Has a Cardiovascular Disorder > Flashcards

Nursing Care of a Family When a Child Has a Cardiovascular Disorder Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 shunts?

A
  1. Foramen ovale
  2. Ductus venosus
  3. Ductus arteriosus
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2
Q

to the resistance against which the ventricles must pump.

A

AFTERLOAD

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2
Q

volume of blood in the ventricles at the end of diastole
(the point just before contraction).

A

PRELOAD

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2
Q

the ability of the ventricles to stretch, refers to the force of contraction generated by the myocardial muscle.

A

CONTRACTILITY

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2
Q

Using treadmill walking to demonstrate
that the pulmonary circulation can
increase to meet the increased
respiratory demands of exercise may
be performed with children, although
these tests are not used as extensively
with children as they are with adults

A

EXERCISE TESTING

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2
Q

Types of Diagnostic Tests

A
  1. Electrocardiogram
  2. Radiography
  3. Echocardiography
  4. Phonocardiography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging
  5. Exercise Testing
  6. Laboratory Tests
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2
Q
  • Ultrasound cardiography
  • High frequency sound waves directed
    toward the heart, are used to locate
    and study the movement and
    dimensions of cardiac structures,
    such as the size of chambers,
    thickness of walls, relationship of
    major vessels to chambers, and the
    thickness, motion, and pressure
    gradients of valves
A

ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY

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2
Q

Written record of the electrical voltages
generated by the contracting heart.

A

ELECTROCARDIOGRAM

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2
Q

Furnish an accurate picture of the
heart size and the contour and size of
the heart chambers

A

RADIOGRAPHY

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2
Q

Diagram of heart sounds translated
into electrical energy by a microphone
placed on the child’s chest and then
recorded as a diagrammatic
representation of heart sounds.

A

Phonocardiography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging

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2
Q

Children with
heart disease
usually undergo a
number of blood
tests to support
the diagnosis of
heart disease or
to rule out anemia
or clotting
disorders

A

LABORATORY TESTS

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2
Q

All women of childbearing
age should be immunized against
_________ and __________ because
these viruses are known to cause
heart damage in a fetus if the
mother contracts them during
pregnancy

A

Rubella and Varicella

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2
Q

Acquired Heart Disease (3)

A
  1. Rheumatic fever
  2. Hypertension
  3. Hyperlipidemia
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2
Q

Procedure in which a small radiopaque catheter is passed through a
major vein in the arm, leg, or neck into the heart to secure blood
samples or inject dye, helps to evaluate cardiac function.

A

CARDIAC CATHETERIZATION

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2
Q

is used to correct an abnormality, such as dilating a narrowed valve by the use of a
balloon catheter or other device.

A

INTERVENTIONAL CARDIAC CATHETERIZATION

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2
Q

It is also called as coronary angiogram

A

CARDIAC CATHETERIZATION

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2
Q

Chief cure for congenital heart disease

A

OPEN-HEART SURGERY

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2
Q

Complications of cardiac surgery

A
  1. Hemorrhage
  2. Shock from hypovolemia / cardiac tamponade
  3. Heart block or arrhythmias
  4. Congestive heart disease
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2
Q

Synthetic material (prosthetic) or human
donors (homograft’s) are often used.

A

ARTIFICIAL VALVE REPLACEMENT

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2
Q

Indications of artificial valve replacement

A
  1. Aortic stenosis
  2. Rheumatic fever
  3. Kawasaki disease
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2
Q

The candidates for this procedure are:
1. Hypoplastic left ventricle
2. Extensive cardiomyopathy

A

CARDIAC TRANSPLANTATION

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2
Q

It is the number one cause of death for people with cardiac transplant

A

REJECTION OF CARDIAC TRANSPLANT

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2
Q

3 types of cardiac transplant rejection:

A
  1. Hyperacute rejection
  2. Acute rejection
  3. Long-term / chronic rejection
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3
Q

This type of rejection occurs immediately
(coronary thrombosis)

A

HYPERACUTE REJECTION

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3
Q

This rejection occurs in about 7
days (low-grade fever, tachycardia, edema and ECG changes)

A

ACUTE REJECTION

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3
Q

Rejection that occurs in 6 months

A

CHRONIC REJECTION

3
Q

This stimulates ventricles electronically

A

PACEMAKER

3
Q

Two components of a pacemaker

A
  1. Pulse generator
  2. Wire leads
3
Q

Generator that contains the battery and programmed instructions (under the skin in the subxiphoid or mid-lower abdomen)

A

PULSE GENERATOR

4
Q

Component of a pacemaker that connects to the heart

A

WIRE LEADS

4
Q

Three/Five letter code type of pacemaker

A

First letter: Chamber based
Second letter: Chamber sensed

Third letter: pacemaker’s response to the intrinsic activity of the heart

Fourth letter: whether rate modulation is possible

Fifth letter: whether anti tachyarrhythmia function

4
Q

Congenital Heart Disorders (4)

A
  1. Increased pulmonary blood flow
  2. Obstructive disorders
  3. Decreased pulmonary blood flow
  4. Mixed defects
4
Q

Two types ASD

A
  1. Ostium Primum (ASD1): opening is at lower end of the septum
  2. Ostium Secundum (ASD2): opening is near the center of septum
5
Q

Blood shunts from left to right

A

ACYANOTIC

5
Q

Most common type of congenital disorder in which an opening is present in the septum between the two ventricles. Blood shunts from left to right across the septum. Blood is shunted back into the pulmonary circulation that results in right ventricular hypertrophy and increased pressure in the pulmonary artery

A

VENTRICULAR SEPTAL DEFECT (VSD)

5
Q

Disorders with Increased Pulmonary Blood Flow

A
  1. Atrial septal defect
  2. Ventricular septal defect
  3. Atrioventricular canal defect
  4. Patent ductus arteriosus
5
Q

Abnormal communication between the two atria, allowing blood to shift from the left to the right atrium (an acyanotic defect).

A

ATRIAL SEPTAL DEFECT (ASD)

5
Q

Blood shunts from right to left

A

CYANOTIC DISRODER

5
Q

Happens when ductus arteriosus fails to close at birth.

Blood will shunt from the aorta (oxygenated blood) to the pulmonary artery (deoxygenated blood) because of the increased pressure in the aorta.

The shunted blood returns to the left atrium
of the heart, passes to the left ventricle.

A

PATENT DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS

5
Q

Therapeutic management for Patent Ductus Arteriosus

A
  1. Prostaglandin inhibitors
  2. Ibuprofen
  3. Insertion of Dacron
5
Q

It is an accessory fetal structure that connects the pulmonary artery to the aorta

A

DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS

5
Q

Narrowing of the pulmonary valve or the
pulmonary artery just distal to the valve.

Inability of the right ventricle to evacuate blood by way of the pulmonary artery because of the obstruction leads to right ventricular hypertrophy.

A

PULMONARY STENOSIS

6
Q

Disorders with Obstruction to Blood Flow

A
  1. Pulmonary Stenosis
  2. Aortic stenosis
  3. Coarctation of the aorta
6
Q

Also called an endocardial cushion defect, results from incomplete fusion of the endocardial cushion, which is the septum of the heart at the junction of the atria and the ventricles.

A

ATRIOVENTRICULAR CANAL DEFECT

6
Q

Therapeutic management for pulmonary stenosis

A

BALLOON ANGIOPLASTY

6
Q

Stenosis or stricture of the aortic valve prevents blood from passing freely from the left ventricle of the heart into the aorta

Because the heart cannot force blood through the strictured valve, increased pressure and hypertrophy of the left ventricle occur.

A

AORTIC STENOSIS

7
Q

Surgical treatment for aortic stenosis

A

Balloon valvuloplasty

8
Q

Two locations of the coarctation of the aorta

A
  1. Preductal - constriction occurs bet. subclavian artery & ductus arteriosus
  2. Postductal - constriction is distal to the ductus arteriosus
8
Q

Narrowing of the lumen of the aorta due
to a constricting band

A

COARCTATION OF THE AORTA

9
Q

Disorders with Mixed Blood Flow

A
  1. Transposition of The Great Arteries / Vessels
  2. Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Connection
  3. Trancus Arteriosus
  4. Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome
10
Q

The aorta arises from the right ventricle instead of the left, and the pulmonary artery arises from the left ventricle instead of the right

A

TRANSPOSITION OF THE GREAT ARTERIES

11
Q

The pulmonary veins return to
the right atrium or the superior
vena cava instead of to the left
atrium.

A

TOTAL ANOMALOUS PULMONARY VENOUS RETURN

12
Q

One major artery or “trunk” arises
from the left and right ventricles in
place of separate aorta and pulmonary increases in the right side of the heart.

A

TRUNCUS ARTERIOSUS

13
Q

A condition in which:
- The left ventricle is nonfunctional
- Accompanying mitral or aortic valve atresia
- Right ventricle hypertrophy

A

HYPOPLASTIC LEFT HEART SYNDROME (HLHS)

14
Q

Disorders with Decreased Pulmonary Blood Flow

A
  1. Tetralogy of Fallot
  2. Tricuspid Atresia
14
Q

Extremely serious disorder because the tricuspid valve is completely closed, allowing no blood to flow from the right atrium to the right ventricle

Blood crosses through the patent foramen ovale into the left atrium, bypassing the lungs and the step of oxygenation

A

TRICUSPID ATRESIA

15
Q

Acquired Heart Diseases

A
  1. Kawasaki Disease
  2. Cardiomyopathy
  3. Coronary Artery Disease
  4. Hypertension
  5. Valvular Heart Disease
  6. Rheumatic Heart disease
16
Q

is an acute febrile illness of unknown cause that primarily affects children younger than 5 years of age.

A

KAWASAKI DISEASE

17
Q

S/Sx of Kawasaki Disease

A
  1. High fever >5 days
  2. Strawberry tongue
  3. Coronary artery aneurysm
  4. IgA plasma cells
18
Q

Is a condition that can inflame or make the heart, joints, brain, and skin
swell.

A

RHEUMATIC FEVER

19
Q

Clinical signs of Rheumatic fever

A
  1. Fever
  2. Joint pain
  3. Ocarditis
  4. Nodules
  5. Erythema marginatum
  6. Sydenham’s chorea
20
Q

is a disease of
the heart muscle that makes it
harder for the heart to pump
blood to the rest of the body

A

CARDIOMYOPATHY

21
Q

Main types of cardiomyopathy (3):

A
  1. Dilated
  2. Hypertrophic
  3. Restrictive cardiomyopathy
22
Q
A

NCM-109 (9 decks)

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