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Biology Secondary 3 > Nutrients > Flashcards

Nutrients Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of nutrients?

A

They are chemical substances in food that provide energy and materials needed by the body.

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2
Q

What are the main nutrients group we learn?

A

Carbohydrate, proteins, fats and water

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3
Q

What is the function of water for animals?

A

1) It is a solvent/medium where chemical reactions takes place
2) It is an essential component of protoplasm in cells
3) It is a key component in tissue fluids, digestive juices and blood
4) It helps control body temperature
5) It helps transport dissolved substances around the body.

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4
Q

What is the function of water in plants?

A

1) It is essential for photosynthesis
2) It is needed to keep cells turgid
3) It is needed to transport mineral salts up the plant through the xylem.
4) It is needed to transport food substances from the leaves to all parts of the plant through the phloem.

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5
Q

How is water being lost?

A

Through breathing, sweating and urinating.

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6
Q

What are the organic compounds that make up carbohydrates?

A

Carbon, Oxygen and hydrogen

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7
Q

What is the general formula for carbohydrates?

A

CnH2mOm

Example: Glucose –> C6H12O6

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8
Q

What is sucrose composed of? Description?

A

Glucose + Fructose
Sucrose is not found in mammals.
They are a common transport form of sugar in plants.
They are found in sweet fruits and sugar cane stems.

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9
Q

What is maltose composed of? Description

A

Glucose + Glucose
Formed when starch is partially digested. (Starch -> Maltose -> Glucose)
Found in barley seeds which can be used during fermentation to produce beer.

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10
Q

What is Lactose composed of? Description

A

Glucose + Galactose

Found in the milk of all mammals.

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11
Q

What are organic compounds?

A

Compounds that are obtained from living organisms and contain carbon.

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12
Q

General formula of carbohydrates?

A

CnH2mOm

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13
Q

What are the 3 types of disaccharides?

A

Galactose (milk sugar), fructose (fruit sugar) and glucose

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14
Q

Which monosaccharide is the most readily transported?

A

Glucose. It is easily metabolised when needed.

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15
Q

How are disaccharides formed?

A

They are formed during condensation reactions whereby 2 simple sugars are combined together with the loss of one water molecule.

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16
Q

What are carbohydrates?

A

They are the chief source of energy for all bodily functions and muscular exertion as they contain many C-H bonds. They are also known as organic compounds.

17
Q

Functions of carbohydrates?

A

1) Act as a substrate for respiration, provide energy for cell activites.
2) They are able to form supporting structures for the cell. For instance, cellulose in the cell walls of plants.
3) They can be converted into amino acids and fats when there are excess carbohydrates. Some may be used to form nucleic acids.
4) Used to produce nectar in flowers

18
Q

Where are glucose and glycogen stored in the human body?

A

They are stored in the Liver and Muscles.

19
Q

What gives rise to different chemical and biological properties in simple sugars?

A

The arrangement of atoms in the molecule.

20
Q

Why does glucose circulate in the blood of the human body?

A

Glucose is most readily transported in the bodies of organisms. They can be easily metabolized when needed.

21
Q

What is the term used for the result of the combination of 2 simple sugars?

A

Disaccharides. They consist of 2 monosaccharides chemically bonded.

22
Q

The chemical formula for Disaccharides?

A

C12H22O11

23
Q

How are disaccharides formed?

A

They are formed during condensation reactions whereby 2 simple sugars are combined together with the loss of one water molecule.

24
Q

Can monosaccharides pass through PPM?

A

Yes they can

25
Q

Where can Maltose be found?

A

They are found in malt, from wheat.

26
Q

Describe hydrolytic reaction/ hydrolysis?

A

It is a process where a water molecule is added to the disaccharide, and they are being split by treating them with acid or a suitable enzyme.

27
Q

What are polysaccharides?

A

They are carbohydrates that consist of monosaccharide sugar subunits joined together in a long chain.

28
Q

What is the process called when monosaccharides join together in a long chain?

A

It is called polymerisation.

29
Q

The function of starch?

A

A storage form of carbohydrates in plants.

It is found in storage organs of plants. (chloroplast)

30
Q

Function of glycogen?

A

A storage form of carbohydrates in mammals.

Digested to form glucose when needed.

31
Q

Why are glycogen often found in the liver and muscle?

A

Glycogen plays an important role in keeping our muscles fuelled for exercise. When we exercise, our muscles will take advantage of their stored glycogen. Glucose in our blood and glycogen stored in the liver can also be used to keep our muscles fuelled.

32
Q

The function of cellulose?

A

Cellulose cell walls protect plant cells.

Serve as a dietary fiber to prevent constipation.

33
Q

Describe Benedict’s test?

A

1) Add 2cm3 Benedict solution and 2cm3 food sample in the test tube.
2) Shake the mixture
3) Heat the content in a boiling water bath for 5 minutes.
4) If reducing sugar is present, then the mixture would appear as a brick-red precipitate. If reducing sugar is absent, then it would remain blue in color.

34
Q

Describe the iodine test?

A

1) Add 2cm3 of food sample to clean test tube.
2) Add a few drops of iodine solution to test tube.

3) If starch is present, the iodine solution turns from yellowish-brown to blue-black.
If starch is not present, the iodine solution remains yellowish brown.

35
Q

What is the difference between fats and carbohydrates?

A

1) Fats contain lesson number of oxygen atoms in proportion to hydrogen atoms, whereas carbohydrates contain more oxygen atoms than hydrogen atoms.
2) fats have no generalized formula as the elements present in fats do not occur in definite proportions.

36
Q

What are fats?

A

They are organic molecules consisting of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.

37
Q

What is the simplest form of fats?

A

Triglycerides. [3 fatty acids + 1 glycerol]

38
Q

What are the functions of fats?

A

1) Long term energy storage.
2) Insulating material that prevents excessive heat loss
3) Solvent for fat-soluble vitamins
4) Essential part of cell protoplasm
50 Reduce water loss from skin surface

Biology Secondary 3 (12 decks)

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