Nutrients Flashcards

Question

Loss of water

Answer 1

5% loss of appetite, restlessness 7% metabolic disorders 15-20% death

Answer 2

Body temperature regulation Solvent: for nutrients and metabolites Ionizing power: important in many biochemical reactions Transport of nutrients and waste prodcuts Lubricant Cushioning of organs, fetuses, etc

Answer 3

Abundant in nature: consist of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms Photosynthesis results in production of glucose from CO2 and water using sun energy: all life on earth depends on sun energy Simple monosaccharides: glucose, fructose, galactose Complex polysaccharides: starch, cellulose Serve as primary source of energy Surplus converted to body fat reserves Comprise up to 75% of dry matter of plant based foods and the greatest proportion of diets of non-carnivores -soluble carbohydrates serve as energy sources: also called non-structureal carbohydrates, found inside plant cells, sugars, starches, organic acids, similar to but not identical to non fibrous carbohydrate -Insoluble carbohydrates are responsible for structureal integrity: found in cell walll, constitute fiber In contrast, relatively small amounts of glycogen and glucose are present in the bodies of mammals, where they serve as metabolic fuels and synthetic precursors

Answer 4

total energy of given mass of feed, determined as its heat of combustion (bomb calorimetry)

Answer 5

GE minus Fecal energy

Answer 6

DE minus urinary energy and methane energy

Answer 7

ME minus heat increment End up as production and maintenance First used to meet the animals maintenacne enrgy requiremnt any surplus deposited in body tissues (growht) or products (milk, eggs, etc) is defined as retained energy

Answer 8

Lost energy related to food procurment | Chewing, gut motility, absorption, fermentation, heat, e tc

Answer 9

``` Hydrocarbon compounds soluble in organic solvents: generally not water-soluble (except for small molecules) Highly reduced (high proportion of hydrogen atoms) Defined by hydrophobic properties: diverse chemical structures: fatty acids, triglycerides, glycerolipids, glycerophospholipids, shingolipids, cholesterol, steroid, Vit A, etc ```

Answer 10

energy storage: insulation and thermoregulation ex: in neonates, subcutaneous white fat insulates, brown adipose tissue oxidizes fatty acids to produce large amounts of heat Structural components of cell membranes: metabolically active house receptors molecule transport etc Signaling molecules: can trigger inflammatory cascades

Answer 11

Contain 2.25 x the energy of carbohydrates per gram (1 carb=4 cal, 1g fat= 9cal Acts as carrier of nutrients (fat soluble vitamins) A source of essential fatty acids Highly palatable (for ruminents, at low concentrations) -cats and dogs have higher requirement

Answer 12

Fats: esters of fatty acids and glycerol Fatty acids: carboxylic acids with long, unbranched alphatic tails. saturated or unsaturated Usually added to rations to increase energy density also increase absorption of fat-soluble vitamins

Answer 13

Fats and lipids consist of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms Lipids are important for cell membrane structure, some act as signaling molecules, and used for energy Triglycerides are formed by combining glycerol with three fatty acid molecules The chain lengths of the fatty acids in naturally occuring triglycerides in plants and animals most contain 16, 18, or 20 carbons reflecting the pathway for their biosynthesis from the 2 carbon acetyl coA Bacteria possess ability to synthesize off and branched chain fatty acids. Ruminant animal fat contains odd-numbered fatty acids (15) dur to action of bacteria in rumen Fatty acids are saturated, unsaturated, and some are polunsaturated

Answer 14

Acetic acid Propionic acid Butyric acid Palmitic acid linoleic acid a-linolenic acid arachidonic acid Cant be synthesized, essential for structure and metabolism

Answer 15

2-5 carbon atoms Volatile organic substances: acetic, propionic, butyric, isobutyric, valeric, and isovaleric acids Soluble in water Present in rumen and blood of ruminants: products of carbohydrate and amino acid fermentation Crucial for ruminant nutrition Butyrate plays an important role in colonic health

Answer 16

6-12 carbon atoms Water solubility varies (depends on temperature): usually good at physiological temperatures Owing to solubility, absorbed from small intestine into portal vein Common in plants Make up about 10-20% of fatty acid in milk of domestic animals

Answer 17

more than 12 carbon atoms Insoluble in water In plants and animals the most common saturated LCFA is palmitic acid; most common monounsaturated is oleic; most common polyunsaturated is linoleic PUFAs are prone to oxidation during storage and processing In bacteria, fatty acid metabolism results in conjugated fatty acids: adjacent double bonds, found in meat and milk of ruminants more fat is better for animal, but food will go bad faster

Answer 18

Not synthesized by mammals, but required for metabolism -mammals lack desaturase enzyme effective beyond C9 Linoleic acid, linolenic acid

Answer 19

Sustained JNK (Jun Kinase) activation Insulin resistance: inhibits insulin gene transcription, phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrates 1 and 2 Mediates obesity-induced inflammation Importance in transition cows (from pregnancy to milk production) Milk takes more energy than she can consume- utilizes her own fat, lots of FFAs floating around

Answer 20

Proteins are large biomolecules or macromolecules consisting of one or more long chains of amino acid residues Proteins perform a vast array of functions within organisms, including catalyzing metabolic reactions, DNA replication, responding to stimuli, providing structure to cells and organisms, and transporting molecules from one location to another Proteins differ from one another primarily in their sequence of amino acids, which is dictated by the nucleotide sequence of their genes, and which usually results in protein folding into a specific three-dimensional structure that determines its activity As theree is no protein or amino acid storage provision, amino acids must be present in the diet A few amino acids from protein can be converted into glucose and used for fuel through ha process called gluconeogenesis

Answer 21

1. principal organic chemical consituents of lean body organs and soft tissues 2. enormous functional diversity, despite relative chemical simularity, includes: - cell membrane structure and transport characteristics - enzymes - hormones, paracrine and autocrine factors - antibodies and immune cytokines 3. tissue proteins need continuous replacement because of metabolic turnover rate of which varies widely with biological activity (enzymes turn ober much faster than structural proteins)

Answer 22

Molecular weight: small and large Chemical properties: hydrophobic/hydrophilic, neutral/acid/basic; straight/branched -nitrogen: one to four N atoms -sulfer: zero to two S atoms 20 amino acids are proteinogenic: both proteinogenix and non-proteinogenic AA are needed for normal homeostasis

Answer 23

Non proteinogenic amino acid present only in animals as a free amino acid Important for brain, heart, gi-tract function, retina, and elsewhere Can be produced from cysteine: cats lack the enzyme and must obtain taurine from diet (meat) -deficience results in cardiomyopathy, blindness, infertility Recent evidence of dilated cardiomyopathy in dogs

Answer 24

unlike plants and microbes, animals cannot synthesize amino (NH2) groups from inorganic N sources and must have a dietary source of ready made amino acids Of the 20-25 amino acids found in animal tissues, at least 8 (up to 12) must be obtained in the diet. These are defined as essential or indispensable amino acids The number of essential amino acids varies with species and physiological state. For many animals the 10 essential amino acids can be represented by PVT TIM HALL

Answer 25

``` Phenylalanine Valine Threonine Tryptophan Isoleucine Methionine Histidine Arginine Leucine Lysine ```

Answer 26

Peptides: 2 or more amino acids, usually no clear tertiary structure Proteins are larger and more complex As a rule of thumb peptides have up to 72 amino acids and an atomic weight of less than 8 kD

Answer 27

the ability of a specific dietary protein to supply amino acids in the relative amounts required for protein synthesis by body tissues Measured by N balance as the ratio of retained N to apparently absorbed N: N intake -(fecal N + urinary N)/ N intake - fecal N Biological value is influenced mainly by the essential amino acid content of the protein in question

Answer 28

Crude protein is an estimate: nitrogen content x6.25, based on average nitrogen content (16%) of protein Some proteins contain more or less nitrogen Some feedstuffs, contain non-protein nitrogen that distorts estimate: ammonia, urea, nitrate, nitrite, purine, pyrimidines etc Melamine: 66% nitrogen, distorts crude protein estimate and toxic to animals

Answer 29

Organic compounds required in small amounts for normal metabolism: originally called vital amines but only few contain amino nitrogen Only discovered in the early 20th century but deficiency states recognized long before: -scurvy (vit C); 16th century- prevented by fresh fruit and veggies -beriberi (vit B1/thiamine): 19th century- prevented by feeding brown rather than polished rice System of naming vitamins alphabetically was convenient before chemical nature known Now most B vitamins are referred to by chemical names

Answer 30

Thiamin | Water soluble

Answer 31

RIboflavin | Water soluble

Answer 32

Niacin | Water soluble

Answer 33

Pantothenic acid | Water soluble

Answer 34

Pyridoxine | Water soluble

Answer 35

Biotin | Water soluble

Answer 36

Folic acid | Water soluble

Answer 37

Cobalamine | Water soluble

Answer 38

Ascorbic acid | Water soluble

Answer 39

Retinol | Water insoluble

Answer 40

Plant Ergocalciferol Water insoluble

Answer 41

Cholecalciferol | Water insoluble

Answer 42

Tocopherol | Water insoluble

Answer 43

Plant Phylloquinone Water insoluble

Answer 44

Bacteria Menaquinone Water insoluble

Answer 45

Synthetic Menadone Water insoluble

Answer 46

Many are destroyed by oxidation, heat, light, or certain metals Conditions of storage and processing affect availability Most vitamins cannot be synthesized by animal cells: therefore essential in diet, exceptions are niacin and vit D Not used for energy or structural purposes Many serve as co-enzymes or fulfil specific functions (A=vision, D and ca=metabolis; K= blood clotting) C and E are potent antioxidants Most vitamins require modification after absorption before they are active Small intestinal absorption of water-soluble vitamins occurs via specific carrier proteins Absence or deficiency of citamins results in characteristic deficiency states or diseases Excess vitamins are frequently toxic

Answer 47

Retinol Foods of animal origin contain Vit A (liver, milk, eggs, butter) Plants do not contain Vit A, but may be rich sources of precursors (carotenoids) Cats cannot convert beta-carotene to VitA and require preformed Vit A in diet Multiple functions: Vision; regulation of gene expression by binding to nuclear retinoid X receptor; synthesis of glycoproteins; maintenance of epithelial tissues; antibody production; antioxidant

Answer 48

Deficiency occurs wit poor diets: poor growth, increased risk of infection

Answer 49

Liver fibrosis, bone and eye abnormalities, hair loss, neurological signs (teratogenesis?)

Answer 50

limited in feedstuffs -unfortified, typical corn/soy meal based diet contains almost no Vit D -abundant only in some fish Most animals can synthesize Vit D3 (exposure to UV radiation results in cleavage of B ring of 7-dehydrocholesterol to cholecalciferol- vit D) -uncertain whether this applies to carnivores Vit D3-25-dydroxyvit D3 - 1,25-dihydroxyvit D3 Vit D functions in absorption and metabolism of calcium and phosphorus

Answer 51

results in rickets (young animals) or osteomalacia (adults) | Swollen joins, costochondral carilage, poor eggshells, restricted growth

Answer 52

Hypercalcemia, hypermineralization, diarrhea, polyuria, hypertension, vomiting, kidney damage

Answer 53

Tocopherol Widely distributed in feedstuffs, especiallt vegetable oils Vit E is an antioxidant Agaisnt oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids in cell membranes

Answer 54

Anemia (decreased production of hemoglobin, and shortened RBC lifespan) Impaired reproduction (sperm production, embryonic ad fetal death) Hepatic damage and muscular degeneration White muscle disease, exudative diathesis in chicks inadequate doesnt prevent oxidation

Answer 55

Vit E becomes a free radial species and is toxic | Hepatic injury, testicular atrophy, heart failure

Answer 56

From german koagulation Plants, algae, and bacteria can synthesize vit K; mammals cannot- alfalfa is a good source Vit K is coenzyme of of procoagulation factors (II, VII, IX, and X) via intrinsic and extrinsic pathways

Answer 57

results in hemorrhagic disease - neonates have low reserves - impaired fat absorption can result in deficiency - spoiled clover contains coumarin, which is converted to dicumerol, which inhibits recycling of vit K, leading to hemorrhage

Answer 58

vit K is an oxidant; causes erythrocyte instability, hemolysis and potentially fatal anemia

Answer 59

Thiamine Abundant in legumes, nuts, whole grains, yeast and animal products Coenzyme for reactions involving transfer of aldehyde unit (oxidative decarboxylation, transketolation) Classic deficiency is beriberi (anorexia, edema, heart problems, muscular and nerve dysfunction); progressive neurological degeneration Raw seafood contains thiaminase Rumen production usually sufficient (except in acidosis-cerebrocortical necrosis) Deficiency in cats fed raw fish exclusively Bracken fern contains thiaminase (horses)

Answer 60

Cobalamin Synthesized exclusively by microorganisms (vitamin not required by ruminant provided cobalt is sufficient) -absent from plants -present in animal tissues (especially liver, meats, and milk) but not stored in high concentrations Absorption is complicated, requiring "intrinsic factors" unlike other water-solule vitamins excretion is mainly via bile (not urine); there is an enterohepatic cycle

Answer 61

Coenzymes are methlcobalamin and 5'-deoxy-adenosylcobalimin Majore functions: -detoxify homocysteine -maintain intracellular stores of methionine -regenerate folate -synthesis of purine, pyrimidine and nucleic acid -synthesis of succinyl-CoA (critical for inclusion of propionate into krebs cycle and therefore for glucose production) particularly important for ruminants

Answer 62

Common in non-ruminents fed plant source diet, ruminants with inadequate cobalt intake, and farm-raised fish Lack of effective IF due to binding with autoantibodies results in deficiency (pernicious anemia) Impaired methionin synthesis, impaired DNA synthesis, impaired formation of erythrocytes (accumulation of megaloblasts in bone marrow) Neurological signs may be secondary to deficiency of methionine

Answer 63

Folate Synthesized by plants and microbes. Widely distributed in foods of plant and animal origin -green leafy materials, cereals, oilseed meals (also liver egg yolk, milk) Folate is carrier of one-carbon units -contributes to purine ring structures -essential for DNA synthesis Deficiency seen with inadequate intake, increased requirement in pregnancy and lactation and in VIt B12 deficiency -vit B 12 converts folate to active form Megaloblastic anemia, neural tube defects, poor growth, reduced egg hatchability

Nutrients Flashcards

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