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MCM: Biochem, Exam 1 > Nutrients (AA and Vitamins) > Flashcards

Nutrients (AA and Vitamins) Flashcards

1
Q

Essential amino acids

A

Isoleucine, Ile; Leucine, Leu; Valine, Val; Phenylalanine, Phe; Tryptophan, Trp; histidine, His; threonine, Thr; Methionine, Met; Lysine, Lys;

G PVT TIM HALL
Arg is conditional

My Tall Vegan Friend Is Watering Kale Leaves

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2
Q

Lipid soluble vitamins

A

Retinol (A), Retinioic acid (A)
Calcitriol (D)
Vit. K
Vit. E

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3
Q

Water soluble

A 
Thiamine B1
Riboflavin B2
Niacin B3
Panthothenic acid B5
Pyridoxine B6
Biotin B7
Folic Acid B9
Cobalamin B12
Ascorbate C
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4
Q

B1, deficient in alchoholism. Dry/wet beriberi (muscle wasting, partila paralysis/ cardiac failure, peripheral edema)
ATP: alpha-ketogluatarate dehydrogenase
“Ber1Ber1 = B1”

A

Thiamine

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5
Q

B2, forms coenzyme FAD/FMN. Cheilosis/stomatisis, magenta-colored tongue, corenal neovascularization
“Fad and Fmn are derived from riboFlavin”
“B2 = 2 ATP”
“2 C’s of B2 = Cheilosis (inflamed lips, fissures at corners”, Corneal vascularization

A

Riboflavin

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6
Q

B3, coenzyme for NAD(H), NADP(H). Hartnup Disease: imparied AA absorbption, have this deficiency and deficient in tryptophan. Pellagra (from malnutrition)
“3 D’s” of B 3: Diarrhea, Dementia, Dermatitis”

A

Niacin

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7
Q

B5, synth of coenzyme A (affects TCA cycle, FA metabolism, chelsterol synth) dermatitis, paresthea, muscle cramps
“Pento”thenic acid for B5

A

Pantothenic acid

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8
Q

B6, ALT and AST, heme synthesis affected. Sideroblastic anemia!!!, cheilosis/stomatitis

Transaminases use a coenzyme derived by B6, PLP (pyridoxyl 5’ phosphate) for making Met into Succinyl CoA. Lack of PLP causes hyperhomocysteinemia and homocystinuria

A

Pyridoxine

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9
Q

Biotin, cofactor for carboxylation enzymed (gluconeogenesis, FA syunth, Odd carbon FA synth).
“Avidin in egg whites AVIDly binds to biotin”
From excessive raw egg consumption bc avidin binds to biotin-binding protien.
Alopecia, rashes, seborrheic dermatitis

A

B7

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10
Q

Folic Acid (folate)

A

B9, get defficeint during pregnancy or alchool.
Causes spina bifida in baby. For in body pyrimidine synthesis
“Folate from Foliage”
green veggies

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11
Q

Cobalamin

A

B12, pernicious anemia causes, vegetarian diet.
Causes issues making methionine or succinyl CoA.
Get Megaloblastic anemia, neruopathis, homocysteinemia (CV disease, DVT, stroke

5’ deoxyadenosylcobalamin has adenine in it

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12
Q

Ascorbate

A

C, collagen synthesis, dopaime (so norepinephrine too), decr. FE absorbption, C is antioxidant.
Scurvy, poor wound healing and bloody gums, anemia

“Vitamin C def. causes sCurvy, due to Collagen synthl defect”

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13
Q

Vitamin A

A

Affects vision and maintaining epithelium (retinol, retinoic acid, retinal). from malnutrition or fat malabsorption.
“ISoTRETinoin is TERATogenic”
Night blindness, frequent infection.
Teratogenic in pregnancy (if eat something with too much Vit. A bc it’s fat soluble

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14
Q

Vitamin D

A

D2, D3, calcifediol, calcitriol. Good for GI tract for phsophate absorption, kidneys,
Bone: osteoblasts receptors, helps for bone resorption
Get Rickets (slow growth, bowed legs, breastbone projection), osteomalacia

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15
Q

Where are branched chained AA’s degraded?

A

NOT liver, bc it lacks aminotransferase

in muscle, kidney, brain

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16
Q

3 ways Glu, glutamate, helps with the removal of the an amino group?

A
  1. oxadative (deaminatino of glutamate, releasing ammonium)
  2. transfer of amino group to pyruvate by ALT
  3. transfer of amiono group to OAA (oxyloacetate) by AST
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17
Q

what’s alpha ketoglutarate

A

made from glutamate, it’s the 4th intermediate.

Gln, Pro, His, Arg make glutamate.

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18
Q

what aa’s contribute towards Succinyl CoA in the Krebs cycle?

A

Met, Thr, Val, Ile

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19
Q

What does Leu contribute for in the Krebs cycle?

A

Acetyl CoA

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20
Q

What AA’s metabolism may lead to homocystinuria?

A

Methionin to make Succinyl CoA
Mutation in cystothionine B-synthase if PLP (pryridoxal phosphate, B6) lacking

Build up of Homocysteine, it cannot change to Cystathionine

21
Q

Three amino acids that are branched chained? what do they contribute ot making? Which AA can lead to Maple syrup urine disease

A

Valine, Isoleucine, Leucine
Val, Ile —> Succinyl CoA
Ile, Leu—–> make acetyle CoA
Leu makes Maple Syrup Syndrome bc. lacking BCKD

22
Q

Phe and Asn contribute to

A

Phe makes fumerate and also acetoacetate

Asn makes oxaloacette

23
Q

What important molecules are derivatives of tryptophan?

A

Serotonin, Melatonin

24
Q

Carcinoid tumors overproduce what molecule?

A

serotonin

25
Q

What are derivatives of tyrosine?

A 
T3 (triiodothyronine)
T4 (thyroxine)
Both: graves disease, Hyper/hypothyroidism
Melanin (lacking = albinism)
Dopamine (lacking = parkinsons)
Norepinephrine
epinephrine
26
Q

Diff. in how nitrogen is removed from the brain vs. muscle?

A 
Brain:
Glu and Gln
Glutamine synthase (GLDH)
Muscle:
Gln, Ala
uses ALT
27
Q

After N is removed from tissue/ brain as ____ it goes to the ______ in the liver.

A

NH4+ turned to Glu, Gln, Ala

Urea Cycle

28
Q

2 AA’s that aren’t used for protein sysntheses, but soley for the Urea Cycle in the liver

A

Ornithine, Citrulline

29
Q

What’s the final form of Ammonia (NH4+)?

A

Urea

30
Q

Where does the Urea Cycle happen? it’s also called ___.

A

Liver, btwn the cytosol, and outer membrane of the mitochondria

Ornithine Cycle

31
Q

What three AA’s make Creatine?

A

Arg, Gly, Met

32
Q

What is a quick form of energy for muscle to get ATP?

A

Phosphocreatine

33
Q

Ketogenic AA’s?

A

Lysine, Leucine

34
Q

Glucogenic AA’s?

A

Met, His ,Val

“i Met His Valentine, she’s so sweet”

35
Q

both glucogenci and ketogentic

A 
PITTT
Phenylalanine
Isoleucine
Threonine
Tryptophan 
Tyrosine
36
Q

____ amino acids can be classified as glucogenic, ____ or both.

A

Essential

Ketogenic

37
Q

Conditionally essential AA’s?

A

in adults: Arg, Glut for immunosupressed, post-op infections

38
Q

vitamin K

A

K is for Koaglulation.

many clotting factors

39
Q

Basic aa’s

A

Arginine, Histidine, Lysine

“His Lys (lies) Are Basic”

40
Q

Precursors of gluconeogenesis?

A

“GAPA”
Glycerol - lipid degridation - DHAP, a phosprylated glycerol intermediate

Propionate - degrad odd # FA’s - TCA intermediate (succinyl CoA) converted to malate

Alanine - protein degradatin - pyruvated (deamination of alanine)

Amiono acids (except Leu/Lys, which are glygocenic) - protein degridation - TCA intermediates, converted to malate

41
Q

Precursors for TCA intermediates are ____.

A

amino acids

42
Q

Oxaloacetate made from

A

Asn to Asp

43
Q

Fumarate made from

A

Phe to Tyrosidne

44
Q

Pyruvate:

A

Cys
Trp to Ala
Thr (makes Acetyle CoA too) to Gly to Ser

45
Q

Acetyl Co A

A

Leu

46
Q

Acetoacetate, which goes to Acetyl CoA made from

A

Thr, Lys, Tyr

47
Q

Alpha Ketoglutarate

A

Gln, His, Arge, Pro, all make Glu that makes this

48
Q

Succinyl CoA

A

Ile (also acetul CoA), Val, Met, Thr

49
Q

Name the B vitamins?

A 
“The Runner Now Pants &Pants Because of the F*cking Cold”
B1: Thiamine 
B2: Riboflavin 
B3: Niacine 
B5: PANTothenic acid
B6: piridoxin
B7: biotin 
B9: Folic acid
B12: Cobalamine

MCM: Biochem, Exam 1 (5 decks)

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