nutrients pdf

Question 1

nutrients can’t

Answer 1

can’t be consumed and have to be broken down into smaller molecules for absorption

Question 2

what do the nutrients break down into

Answer 2

protein (amino acids) carbs (volitive fatty acids, sugars, starch) Fats (triglycerides)

Question 3

animal requirements

Answer 3

animals do not have requirements for feeds but do for nutrients. Feeds simply act as carriers for nutrients, how the feeds are composed and the avalibilty of nutrients is more important then the type of feeds

Question 4

factors that affect nutrient requirements

Answer 4

stage of growth, size of animal, disease/health, species differences, dietary history, environment, heredity, activity, imbalanced diet

Question 5

class of nutrients

Answer 5

carbs, proteins, fats/lipids, minerals, vitamins, water

Question 6

carbohydrates (CHO’s)

Answer 6

main source of energy for most animals, chemically composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, primary components of most feedstuffs (sugar, starch cellulose, gums, lignins)

Question 7

simple carbs

Answer 7

non structural or mono/discarides (easier to digest, mainly starches, simple sugars, organic acids, and fructans

Question 8

complex carbs

Answer 8

structural or polysaccharides (harder to digest, fiber contains like cellulose and semi-cellulose,( hays, grasses and most forages are sources of complex carbs)

Question 9

carbs in relation to plants

Answer 9

75% of a plants dry weight is in the form of carbs, the largest part of an animals food supply, primarily formed during photosyntises

Question 10

carb absorption

Answer 10

Cho’s are absorbed in the small intestine (glucose), excess glucose is stored in liver and muscle (glycogen) once a certain level is reached the body will start to lay down fat

Question 11

carb sorces

Answer 11

grains, hay silage, pasture

Question 12

protein

Answer 12

highest constitutional in bod next to water, composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen

Question 13

protein requirement

Answer 13

requirement for protein is highest for young animals and declines as they mature, high quality protein has a good balance of amino acids

Question 14

protein essentials

Answer 14

essential AA (must be provided in diet, ruminates -synthysize din the rumen by microbes) Non essential AA (needed by both ruminates and non ruminates, synthesized by the body from other amino acids, don’t have to be provided in the diet)

Question 15

protein functions

Answer 15

principal constituent of organs and soft tissue in body (muscle, collagen, elastin, keratin, blood)

Question 16

structure of enzymes

Answer 16

amylase, cellulase, glucanase

Question 17

structure of hormones

Answer 17

insulin, estrogen, glucagon

Question 18

structure of immune

Answer 18

antibodies, viruses

Question 19

structure of transport

Answer 19

hemoglobin, lipoprotiens

Question 20

protein sorces

Answer 20

plant based (alfalfa hay, soybeans, meal) animal base (blood meal, fish meal)

Question 21

fats are made of

Answer 21

carbon hydrogen and oxygen (insoluble in water), fats/oil are made up of fatty acids

Question 22

what do fats do

Answer 22

supplies 2.25x more energy than carbs, serves as a carrier for fat soluble vitamins, source of heat, insulation and protection for the body (layers of fat around internal organ)

Question 23

are there essential and non essential fatty acids

Answer 23

yes

Question 24

fat digestibility

Answer 24

digestibility of fats usually succeeds 80%, when metabolized they release acetyl- CoA (Krebs cycle), produces energy

Question 25

fat sources

Answer 25

plant based (oil seeds, soy beens, cotton seeds, sunflowers, animal based (animal fats like beef, chicken, lard)

Question 26

minerals

Answer 26

inorganic, solid crystalline chemical element, makes up “3.5%” of animals dry body weight (depending on species, 1/2 calcium, 1/4 phosphorus, the rest is others)

Question 27

macrominerals

Answer 27

present/needed in greater amounts, (calcium, phosphorus, sodium, chloride, magnesium, potassium, sulfur)

Question 28

microminerals

Answer 28

needed in smaller amounts (cobalt, iodine, copper, Fluorine, iron, manganese, molybdenum, selenium, zinc)