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Equine Level 3 > Nutrition > Flashcards

Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

Horse’s GI tract function?

A

Horse’s GI tract function?

.Horse’s digestive tract is designed to cope with large quantities of roughage because they constantly graze.

.The gut is long because it deals with cellulose which is relatively difficult to digest & needs to be held in the GI tract for longer.

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2
Q

Foregut parts?

A

Foregut parts?

.Mouth .Pharynx .Oesophagus

.Stomach .Small intestine

.Deals with concentrated feed & only small amounts.

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3
Q

Hindgut parts?

A

Hindgut parts?

.Caecum .Large colon. .Small colon

.Rectum .Anus

.Deals with roughage & large amounts.

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4
Q

Mouth parts?

A

Mouth parts?

.Lips .Incisors

.Canine teeth .Premolars

.Molars . Salivary glands

.Tongue .Oropharynx

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5
Q

Stomach?

A

Stomach?

.Cardiac sphincter - small ring muscle that allows food into the stomach.

.Pyloric sphincter - muscle ring at the end of the stomach which moves food to the small intestine this stage is called chyme.

.When empty is relatively small (rugby ball size)

.Can expand to (9 - 18L)

.Gastric juice - is stimulated by the arrival of food into the stomach. Produces (10-30L) daily.

.Is designed to remain partially full at all times. Most food passes out of the stomach within 45 minutes but some for 2 hours.

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6
Q

Feeding?

A

Feeding?

.Don’t feed too much in one feed.

.Spread throughout the day.

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7
Q

Small intestine?

A

Small intestine?

.Major site for the breakdown of concentrated food such as starch & protein.

.For the absorption of nutrients.

.The lining is covered with small hair like villi which give a huge surface area to aid absorption.

.Gut wall - consists of a layer of longitudinal muscle & circular muscles. They work against each other to push the bolus of food in one direction called (peristalsis).

. Duodenum, jejunum & ileum have a volume capacity of approx 50L.

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8
Q

Peristalsis?

A

Peristalsis?

.Food is passed through the intestines by involuntary muscular contractions called peristalsis.

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9
Q

Duodenum?

A

Duodenum?

.Approx 1m long & forms an S shape bend.

.Into it flows bile secreted by the liver & pancreatic juices.

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10
Q

Jejunum?

A

Jejunum?

.Approx 20m long

.Amino acids, vitamins minerals & glucose are absorbed into the bloodstream.

.Fatty acids & glyceral are taken up by a separate system called the lymphatic system as minute globules to distribute fat around the body by the vascular system.

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11
Q

Ileum?

A

Ileum?

.Approx 2m long

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12
Q

Large intestine?

A

Large intestine?

.The major site for the fermentation of roughage.

.Is held in place only by its bulk and due to flexures where the gut narrows and changes direction, it is prone to blockages which result in the horse suffering from colic.

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13
Q

Caecum?

A

Caecum?

.First part of large intestine.

.Can hold 35L

.Food reaches there about 3 hours after a meal and remains in the large intestine for 36 - 48 hours.

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14
Q

Fermentation?

A

Fermentation?

.Digestion of roughage begins in the caecum by the process of fermentation.

.It is activated by a population of bacteria and protozoa specific to each particular type of feedstuff.

. Cellulose is broken down to release volatile fatty acids. The microorganisms also synthesis essential vitamins.

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15
Q

Large colon?

A

Large colon?

.3-4m long and hold approx 82L.

.There are bacteria in the large colon which continue the fermentation of cellulose.

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16
Q

Small colon?

A

Small colon?

. Approx 3-4m long and capable of holding only 14L.

.Waste is formed into faeces here.

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17
Q

Concentrated feeds?

A

Concentrated feeds?

.Never feed too much concentrated feeds because the horse cannot digest and utilise large amounts of carbohydrates which can cause problems such as Laminitis and Azoturia.

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18
Q

A balance diet is essential to?

A

A balance diet is essential to?

.Sustain life

.Maintain condition

.Provide warmth

.Provide energy for maintenance and work

.Satisfy the appetite

.Provide the nutrients necessary for healthy growth.

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19
Q

Difference between macronutrients & micronutrients?

A

Difference between macronutrients & micronutrients?

.Nutrients are classified as macronutrients & micronutrients.

.Macronutrients are needed in larger quantities than micronutrients.

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20
Q

Macronutrients?

A

Macronutrients?

.Carbohydrates

.Lipids (fats & oils)

.Proteins

.Water

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21
Q

Micronutrients?

A

Micronutrients?

.Vitamins & minerals which are essential for body functions.

.Deficiency signs are cracked hooves to infertility.

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22
Q

Carbohydrates?

A

Carbohydrates?

.Are the main energy source. Energy is needed for all bodily functions including breathing, eating, moving, growing, pregnancy & lactation.

. Carbohydrates are chemical substances found in plant & animal cells: their functions are to yield & store energy.

.They are formed by plants as a result of photosynthesis, the process whereby the plant uses the energy of the sun to create energy from co2 & water. This chemical energy is stored within the plant as soluble & insoluble carbohydrates.

.Carbohydrates can be readily converted to and stored as fat.

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23
Q

Soluble carbohydrates?

A

Soluble carbohydrates?

.Include sugars & starch which are broken down in the small intestine by enzymes.

24
Q

Cellulose (fibre)?

A

Cellulose (fibre)?

.Is an insoluble carbohydrate which is fermented in the large intestine by microorganisms.

.Horse’s cellulose requirements are met when grass or hay is fed.

.Cellulose provides fibre (roughage) an important component of the horse’s diet.

.Very new/ young grass is not very high in fibre.

.Fibre aids digestion and ensures the horse’s digestive tract functions properly.

25
Q

Lipids (fats & oils?

A

Lipids (fats & oils)

.Provide a store of energy-yielding compounds and as subcutaneous fat, prevent excessive heat loss from the body.

.Are mainly stored as subcutaneous fat but a certain amount is held in muscle and other tissues.

.Lipids are a minor source of energy

26
Q

Proteins?

A

Proteins?

.Are essential for growth, repair and renewal of body tissues, health during pregnancy and lactation.

.Proteins are complex organic compounds made up of combinations of building blocks or subproteins known as amino acids.

27
Q

Water uses in the body?

A

Water uses in the body?

1) Helps maintain body temperature by cooling through the loss of excess heat in sweat.
2) Water gives shape to the body cells.
3) Provides a medium in which chemical reactions occur.
4) Provides a base for urine, aiding the excretion of waste.
5) Provides the base for milk.
6) Aids digestion.

28
Q

Water?

A

Water?

.Changes frequently as it becomes stale as it absorbs ammonia from the atmosphere.

.Don’t let a hot, sweating horse take a long drink of cold water. This can be severe and cause colic and lead to shock.

.Loss of 8% of body water causes illness.

29
Q

Vitamin types?

A

Vitamin types?

1) Fat - soluble vitamins which are stored in the liver. These include vitamins A, D, E, K.
2) Water - soluble vitamins that may not be stored include C & B complex.

30
Q

Vitamins?

A

Vitamins?

.Vitamin A (retind) - boost horse’s immune system. Promotes healthy bone, tissue growth & improves night vision. Sources are green leaves, carrots, quality hay & cod liver oil. Too much vitamin A can be harmful.

31
Q

Vitamin A (retind)

A

Vitamin A (retind)?

.Boost horse’s immune system.

.Promotes healthy bone, tissue growth & improves night vision.

.Sources are green leaves, carrots, quality hay & cod liver oil.

.Too much vitamin A can be harmful.

32
Q

Vitamin D?

A

Vitamin D?

.Aids the absorption of calcium & phosphorus in the gut.

.Made under the skin when in sunlight & cod liver oil in winter.

33
Q

Vitamin E?

A

Vitamin E?

.Fertility vitamin

34
Q

Vitamin K?

A

Vitamin K?

.Aids the clotting of blood.

.Made in the large intestine.

35
Q

Minerals?

A

Minerals?

.Are micronutrients - chemical elements which may be divided into two categories: macro-minerals & trace minerals.

.All plants contain minerals

.Winter - calcium is added to diet of growing horses in the form of limestone flour along with a vitamin D supplement (cod liver oil contains vitamins A & D) unless on a growing youngsters feed.

.Avoid bran as it is high in phosphorus.

.Sodium is important so add 30g of salt in feed per day or a salt lick & mineral rock.

36
Q

Important supplements with vitamins & minerals?

A

Important supplements with vitamins & minerals?

.Use compound feeds such as cubes & coarse mixes because they are made to maintain constant & correct nutrient levels. They contain minerals, vitamins & trace elements.

.Provide salt licks.

37
Q

Feedstuffs?

A

Feedstuffs?

.Cereals (straights or concentrates) - grain, oats, barley & maize.

.Protein feeds - dried milk, beans, peas & linseed.

.Bulk feeds - bran, sugar beet pulp, grass meal, chaff.

.Compound feeds - cubes and coarse mixes. Good for all horses.

.Forages - grass, hay and horsehage. It provides fibre (cellulose) which is essential for healthy gut function.

38
Q

Types of cereal?

A

Types of cereal?

.Oats - only for horses in hard work

.Barley - feed to fatten up

.Maize - avoid as causes high energy

39
Q

Types of protein feeds?

A

Types of protein feeds?

.Milk power

.Beans & peas

.Linseed - must be boiled & cooked first.

40
Q

Bulk feeds?

A

Bulk feeds?

.Bran - must be fed damped or can cause horses to choke and avoid using too much as not enough calcium and too much phosphorus.

.Sugar beet pulp - must be soaked and good for all horses.

  • Shredded beet needs soaking for at least 12 hours.
  • Beet cubes must be soaked for at least 24 hours.

.Grass meals

.Chaff - better than bran.

41
Q

Types of compound feeds?

A

Types of compound feeds?

.Cubes, complete cubes,, race/ event cubes - cubes are very dry so water must be available.

.Horse & pony cubes - have a good balance of all the necessary vitamins, minerals, proteins and carbohydrates that a horse needs. Can be fed to all horses.

.Stud cubes - can be used to help build up a horse.

.Coarse mixes - are designed to make up the whole concentrate ration. Mix with chaff or pulp and feed hay. Can be fed to all horses.

42
Q

Bran mash?

A

Bran mash?

.Beneficial when a horse is unwell or suffering from colic as it is easily digested and has a slight laxative effect.

.It is also useful to give when the horse is having a rest day as it is non heating and low in energy.

43
Q

Forages?

A

Forages?

.Hay - most important feedstuff for horses. It is grass that has been cut & dried out. All hay contains some dust. Some horses are allergic to the dust in hay.

.Meadow hay - is taken from pasture normally used for grazing & is generally softer and easier to digest than seed hay which is a higher protein like sown crop.

.For horses allergic to dust soak the hay for approx 10 mins. This makes the dust particles stick to the hay which then prevents the dust from being inhaled.

.Very allergic to dust horses should be fed horsehage or vacuum packed hay as these have had all dust extracted.

44
Q

Good hay?

A

Good hay?

.Sweet & pleasant smell

.Bales dry or will rot

.Fall loosely apart

. Colour greenish - light brown

.Selection of grasses in the bale

.Free from weeds

.Mouldy hay can cause colic

45
Q

The rules of feeding?

A

The rules of feeding?

1) Feed little & often - give two or three feeds a day.
2) Feed at regular times a day.
3) Feed plenty of bulk (roughage/ fibre).
4) Feed only good quality food & hay.
5) Drink well before you feed after riding.
6) Introduce changes gradually.
7) Allow at least 1 & a half hours after a feed before exercising.
8) Feed something succulent everyday ie grass or carrots, apples.
9) Clean feeding equipment.
10) Feed according to work, type, age, size & time of year.
11) Don’t over feed.

46
Q

Non heating feed?

A

Non heating feed?

.Low carbohydrate food

.Excitable horse will need non heating but a lazy cob will need higher energy foods.

47
Q

Spring feeding?

A

Spring feeding?

.When grass grows in spring no hay will be needed depending on the grass available & number of horses grazing on the land.

48
Q

Winter feeding?

A

Winter feeding?

.In winter hay will be needed & maybe feed.

49
Q

Sample feed rations?

A

Sample feed rations?

.Measurements

  • 1kg = 2.2lb
  • 1lb = 0.45kg

.A 1500ml (2 & 1/2 pint) feed scoop holds the following:

  • 1.35kg (3lb) cubes
  • 0.56kg (1 & 1/4lb) flaked barely
  • 0.33kg (3/4lb) chaff
50
Q

Dampen feed?

A

Dampen feed?

.To improve mastication and aid digestion

51
Q

Sugar beet pulp?

A

Sugar beet pulp?

.Dampens feed, non heating energy source, keeps weight on and ok for all horses.

.Sugar beet should be soaked before it’s fed to horses and depending upon how it has been processed, this can range from 10 minutes to 24 hours. The soaking period is essential to ensure that the beet doesn’t continue to soak up moisture and expand in the horse’s digestive system increasing the risk of colic.

52
Q

Food through the small intestine?

A

Food through the small intestine?

.If not enough food goes through the small intestine continuesly the intestine can become entangled.

.Nutrients absorbed in the small intestine - protein, fats & oils, and some soluble carbohydrates e.g. starch.

53
Q

How long do horses eat for in a day?

A

How long do horses eat for in a day?

.Horses are meant to eat for 16-18 hrs a day.

54
Q

Body scoring?

A

Body scoring?

.Feel ribs not see them

.Don’t want to see hip bones standing out

.You want the bum to be well rounded

.If you can’t feel the ribs they are over weight

55
Q

Look at nutrition file on laptop for more info

A

Look at nutrition file on laptop for more info

Equine Level 3 (14 decks)

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