Nutrition

Question 1

3 stages of nutritive metabolism

Answer 1

Stage 1: GI digestion
Stage 2: anabolism and catabolism
Stage 3: Oxidation in mitochondria (ATP production)

Question 2

Too much total food or certain types of food can lead to what?

Answer 2

Disease

Question 3

Why does it matter what we eat and how much of it we eat?

Answer 3

Requires a lot of energy to maintain homeostasis of necessary nutrients

Question 4

The amount of energy required to raise 1 mL of water 1C

Answer 4

1 calorie (c)

Question 5

The expression for the energy value of food

Answer 5

Kilocalorie (C)

Question 6

This function is mesured by the heat generated or oxygen consumes

Answer 6

Metabolic rate

Question 7

This is the smallest amount of energy required to sustain wakeful existence at rest in comfortable warmth

Answer 7

BMR (basal metabolic rate)

Question 8

BMR is regulated by what hormone?

Answer 8

Thyroid hormone

Question 9

BMR requires about what percentage of the body’s total energy

Answer 9

60%

Question 10

Adaptive Thermogenesis requires what percentage of the body’s total energy

Answer 10

10%

Question 11

Physical activity requires what percentage of the body’s total energy

Answer 11

30%

Question 12

This is a type of tissue that contains special channel proteins to allow H+ to escape membranes without producing ATP to require more energy; nonshivering thermogenesis

Answer 12

Brown fat

Question 13

This action raises the metabolic activity of muscle tissue to increase heat production

Answer 13

Shivering

Question 14

Eating increases the metabolic rate by what percentage?

Answer 14

25-40%

Question 15

This action raises the metabolic activity of muscle to perform movements; takes up about 30% of total body energy

Answer 15

Physical activity

Question 16

At what age does a person’s BMR begin declining rapidly?

Answer 16

18-22

Question 17

This is a (outdated) method of measuring health by dividing a person’s weight by their height

Answer 17

BMI (body mass index)

Question 18

A ‘healthy’ BMI ranges from what values

Answer 18

19-25

Question 19

An ‘overweight’ BMI ranges from what values?

Answer 19

25-30

Question 20

An ‘obese’ BMI ranges from what values?

Answer 20

> 30

Question 21

What are the 4 healthy habits to maintain proper health

Answer 21

1. No smoking
2. Moderate alcohol consumption
3. Regular exercise
4. 5+ servings of fruits and vegetables

Question 22

Western diets are deficient in what fat type?

Answer 22

Omega-3-fatty acids

Question 23

Western diets have excessive amounts of what fat type?

Answer 23

Omega-6 fatty acids

Question 24

The ideal ratio of omega-3/omega-6 fatty acids is what?

Answer 24

1:1

Question 25

What is the omega-3/omega-6 fatty acid ration in western diets?

Answer 25

1:15-16.7

Question 26

What is reduced with an omega-3/omega-6 balance in westerners with poor ratios?

Answer 26

Chronic inflammatory markers and cardiovascular disease

Question 27

Excessive levels of ROS can lead to what 3 outcomes?

Answer 27

Cell death, diseases, aging

Question 28

Inadequate ROS can lead to what 3 outcomes?

Answer 28

Impaired immune system, impaired cell proliferation, other impaired responses

Question 29

What are some examples of antioxidant defenses to combat ROS

Answer 29

Enzymes, glutathione, vitamins (A,C,E), and others

Question 30

What are some endogenous sources of ROS?

Answer 30

Mitochondria, peroxisomes, NADPH oxidase, other enzymes

Question 31

What are some exogenous sources of ROS

Answer 31

UV light, ionizing radiation, drugs, inflammatory cytokines, env. Toxins

Question 32

Aging does what to the amount of ROS in the body?

Answer 32

Increases ROS