Respiratory system

Question 1

What are the two functional zones of the respiratory system?

Answer 1

1. Conducting
2. Respiratory

Question 2

This functional zone consists of where air flows from the mouth/nose through the terminal bronchioles

Answer 2

conducting

Question 3

this functional zone consists of respiratory bronchioles and alveoli

Answer 3

respiratory

Question 4

The purpose of this region of the respiratory system is to warm and humidify the air

Answer 4

upper airways

Question 5

What are 3 defenses of the upper airways?

Answer 5

1. air turbulence
2. mucus
3. ciliary cells

Question 6

What prevents the collapse of the airways on in breaths (where pressure is negative)?

Answer 6

airway cartilage

Question 7

at what point does airway cartilage cease?

Answer 7

transition to 1 mm bronchioles

Question 8

what prevents airway collapse at the bronchiole level?

Answer 8

elasticity of surrounding tissues

Question 9

Alveolar gas exchange works the best under what conditions?

Answer 9

37C and 100% humidity

Question 10

what portions of the respiratory tract are NOT lined with ciliated mucosa?

Answer 10

pharynx and alveoli

Question 11

about how many highly vascularized alveoli are in the lungs?

Answer 11

300 million

Question 12

The destruction of alveoli; ends up reducing SA for gas exchange

Answer 12

Emphysema

Question 13

With the loss of alveoli in emphysema, fewer alveoli are present to put pressure on the bronchioles causing what?

Answer 13

collapse during expiration

Question 14

lung pressure is lower than atmospheric pressure during what phase of respiration?

Answer 14

inspiration

Question 15

lung pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure during what phase of respiration

Answer 15

expiration

Question 16

This law states that the smaller the sphere, the greater the surface tension and higher the pressure

Answer 16

LaPlace’s Law

Question 17

This combats LaPlace’s Law in the alveoli by diminishing surface tension and reducing the tendency for alveoli to collapse

Answer 17

surfactant

Question 18

The lack of surfactant in preemie babies leads to what?

Answer 18

IRDS

Question 19

in adults, low levels of surfactant leads to what?

Answer 19

ARDS and atelectasis

Question 20

What can cause low surfactant levels in adults?

Answer 20

trauma, sepsis, aspiration, or other conditions

Question 21

What is the total surface area of alveoli?

Answer 21

~760 ft^2

Question 22

What is the pressure of water in 100% humidified air?

Answer 22

47 mmHg

Question 23

What is the pressure of air?

Answer 23

760 mmHg

Question 24

Nitrogen makes up what percentage of the atmosphere?

Answer 24

78%

Question 25

Oxygen gas makes up what percentage of the atmosphere?

Answer 25

21%

Question 26

Carbon dioxide makes up what percentage of the atmosphere?

Answer 26

<1%

Question 27

What law refers to the idea that partial pressures add up to equal the total pressure of an environment

Answer 27

Dalton's Law

Question 28

What gas concentration gradients provide the foundation for gas exchange?

Answer 28

Po2 and Pco2

Question 29

What are the partial pressures of O2 and CO2 in the blood entering pulmonary capillaries?

Answer 29

Po2 = 40; Pco2 = 46

Question 30

the primary O2 carying capacity limitation is what?

Answer 30

hemoglobin concentration

Question 31

This blood protein increases the plasma's capacity to hold onto excess dissolved oxygen

Answer 31

hemoglobin

Question 32

What is the %saturation of hemoglobin leaving the lungs?

Answer 32

97%

Question 33

At rest, what percentage of oxygen saturation is lost as hgb travels to systemic tissues?

Answer 33

~25%

Question 34

what is the %saturation of hemoglobin when returning to the lungs?

Answer 34

75%

Question 35

With exercise, how much oxygen is lost to the tissues?

Answer 35

~65%

Question 36

With exercise, plasma po2 drops to what?

Answer 36

~20 mmHg

Question 37

what is the primary effect on oxyhemoglobin saturation?

Answer 37

arterial po2

Question 38

What are the 3 factors that influence oxygen dissociation?

Answer 38

1. pH 2. temperature 3. working muscle environment

Question 39

In an acidic environment, how easily will O2 dissociate from hgb? why?

Answer 39

dissociates more quickly; H+ has a higher affinity for hgb

Question 40

Higher temperatures do what to O2 dissociation from hgb?

Answer 40

increase rate of dissociation

Question 41

what conditions in a working muscle environment encourage quick O2 dissociation from hgb?

Answer 41

1. high acidity (via lactic acid) 2. increased temperatures

Question 42

This blood protein is found more readily in muscle tissues and has a much higher O2 affinity than hgb

Answer 42

myoglobin

Question 43

What is the optimal arterial blood pH?

Answer 43

7.40

Question 44

what is the optimal venous blood pH?

Answer 44

7.36

Question 45

Where do the acids in the blood come from?

Answer 45

1. cellular respiration 2. food metabolism

Question 46

What are two buffer methods for maintaining pH consistency?

Answer 46

1. chemical buffers 2. physiologic buffers

Question 47

What are 3 examples of chemical buffers?

Answer 47

1. proteins 2. bicarbonate 3. phosphate

Question 48

What are 2 physiologic buffers?

Answer 48

1. respiratory 2. renal

Question 49

what percentage of CO2 is dissolved in plasma?

Answer 49

10%

Question 50

what percentage of CO2 is bound to hemoglobin?

Answer 50

20%

Question 51

What percentage of CO2 reacts with water to form H+ and bicarbonate?

Answer 51

70%

Question 52

What is the key thing to regulate in order to prevent acidosis?

Answer 52

CO2

Question 53

This type of breathing results in alkaline blood

Answer 53

hyperventilation

Question 54

this type of breathing results in acidic blood

Answer 54

hypoventilation

Question 55

why does hyperventilation increase blood pH?

Answer 55

increased CO2 elimination which removes H+ from blood