nutrition

Question 1

which of the following types of fats, results in a decrease in level of HDL in the body?
a. trans fat
b. monounsaturated fats
c. saturated fats
d. polyunsaturated fats

Answer 1

a. trans fat

Question 2

whats the formula for glycaemic load?

Answer 2

GL = (carbohydrate in g x GI) / 100

Question 3

which of the following is not a source of haem iron?
a. eggs
b. black pudding
c. soya
d. caviar

Answer 3

c. soya
haem iron only found in animal products such as meat, poultry, seafood

Question 4

what is the formula for energy expenditure?

Answer 4

energy expenditure = BMR + thermogenesis (energy required to process food) + energy required for physical activity

Question 5

what is the average daily amount required for half of a population to be healthy?

Answer 5

Estimated average requirement (EAR)

Question 6

what is the average daily amount required for nearly all people of given age/gender?

Answer 6

Recommended daily intake (RDI)

Question 7

what is the adequate average daily amount of nutrient for nutrients that have insufficient evidence?

Answer 7

adequate intake (AI)

Question 8

what is the highest average amount of nutrient likely to pose no adverse effects to almost all individuals in the population?

Answer 8

upper limit (UL)

Question 9

what type of proteins are found in egg, fish, meat, poultry, milk, dairy and soy?

Answer 9

complete proteins

Question 10

what are complete proteins?

Answer 10

contain all 9 essential amino acids

Question 11

complete proteins have __ - ___% digestibility

Answer 11

90-99%

Question 12

incomplete proteins have __ - __ % digestibility

Answer 12

70-90%

Question 13

what are complementary proteins?

Answer 13

complete protein made up of 2 incomplete proteins

Question 14

what type of proteins are found in nuts, legumes, cereals, grains?

Answer 14

incomplete proteins

Question 15

what are incomplete proteins?

Answer 15

low in 1 or more essential amino acids

Question 16

what is the order of metabolising macronutrients for energy?

Answer 16

carbohydrates –> lipids –> proteins

Question 17

fats make up ___ % of total daily energy intake

Answer 17

20-30%

Question 18

carbohydrates make up ___% of total daily energy intake

Answer 18

45-65%

Question 19

what is glycaemic index?

Answer 19

measure of carbohydrates’ immediate effect on blood glucose level

Question 20

what is the “measure of amount of carbohydrates and glycaemic index have on postprandial blood glucose level”?

Answer 20

glycaemic load

Question 21

what are the fat-soluble vitamins?

Answer 21

vitamins A,D,E,K

Question 22

what vitamin deficiency causes scurvy/scorbutus?

Answer 22

vitamin C

Question 23

what vitamin deficiency causes rickets in children/osteomalacia in adults, osteoporosis in elderly?

Answer 23

vitamin D

Question 24

what vitamin deficiencies cause anaemia?

Answer 24

vitamins B6 and B12

Question 25

what are the water-soluble vitamins?

Answer 25

B group vitamins and vitamin C

Question 26

what is linoleic acid?

Answer 26

omega-6
polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)

Question 27

what is alpha-linolenic acid

Answer 27

omega-3
polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)

Question 28

One of the major roles of dietary fibres is to:
A. lower blood cholesterol level
B. increase mineral absorption
C. inhibit intestinal fermentation production of short‐chain fatty acids
D. increase glucose absorption
E. decrease protein digestion

Answer 28

a. lower blood cholesterol level

Question 29

Which of the following foods has the lowest glycemic index?
A. White bread
B. Dates
C. Glutinous rice
D. Potatoes
E. Pineapple

Answer 29

b. dates

Question 30

Refeeding syndrome occurs after a period of minimal nutritional intake, when the fluid and nutrient intake causes a rapid:

a. storage of intracellular electrolytes by PGs in the interstitial space
b. shift of fluid+intracellular electrolytes from cells into the interstitium
c. filtration and loss of fluid and intracellular electrolytes by the kidneys
d. shift of fluid and intracellular electrolytes from the blood into cells

Answer 30

d. shift of fluid and intracellular electrolytes from the blood into cells

can cause hypophosphatemia, hypokalaemia, hypomagnesemia –> arrhythmias, heart and lung failure, AKI, N&V, lethagy, weakness

Question 31

Which of the following is likely to alter the risk of a nutrient deficiency or toxicity? (multi-select)

a. Nutrient malabsorption (e.g. Coeliac Disease)
b. Chewing and swallowing difficulties
c. Changes in kidney function
d. Changes in saliva production

Answer 31

a, b, c