Nutrition

Question 1

What are the 3 main uses of food molecules absorbed by the GI tract?

Answer 1

1. to supply energy for sustaining life processes
2. serve as building blocks for synthesis of more complex molecules e.g muscle proteins, hormones, enzymes
3. storage for future use

Question 2

What are nutrients?

Answer 2

chemical substances in food that body cells use for growth, maintenance and repair

Question 3

What are the 6 main types of nutrients?

Answer 3

-carbohydrates
-lipids
-proteins
-water
-minerals
-vitamins

Question 4

What are essential nutrients?

Answer 4

specific nutrient molecules that the body can’t make and must be obtained from the diet

Question 5

What elements do all carbohydrates contain?

Answer 5

-carbon
-hydrogen
-oxygen

Question 6

Give examples of both simple sugars and complex sugars

Answer 6

-simple= glucose, fructose
-complex= starch, glycogen, cellulose

Question 7

What are the main functions of carbohydrates?

Answer 7

-energy
-energy storage
-principle component of dietary fibre

Question 8

What is glycogenesis?

Answer 8

the synthesis of glycogen from glucose

Question 9

What is glycogenolysis?

Answer 9

the breakdown of glycogen to glucose

Question 10

What elements do all proteins contain?

Answer 10

-carbon
-hydrogen
-oxygen
-nitrogen
-sulphur

these form amino acids

Question 11

What are the main functions of proteins

Answer 11

-structural= growth and repair
-functional= enzymes, hormones
-energy in starvation state

Question 12

What elements do all lipids contain?

Answer 12

-carbon
-hydrogen
-oxygen
-phosphorus
-nitrogen

Question 13

What types of lipids are there?

Answer 13

-fatty acids
-triglycerides
-cholestrols
-phospholipids

Question 14

What are the main functions of lipids?

Answer 14

-energy storage
-insulation
-protection
-cell membranes
-steroid hormones
-bile
-local acting hormones

Question 15

What units are dietary energy measured in?

Answer 15

-kilojoules (Kj, SI unit)
-kilocalories (Kcal)

Question 16

What factors does different energy requirements depend on?

Answer 16

-age
-growth and development
-activity
-gender
-pregnancy/ lactation

Question 17

How is formula milk different from cows milk?

Answer 17

its a specially modified cows milk:
-less protein
-less saturated fats and increased unsaturated fat
-less sodium and calcium
-more lactose
-more micronutrients

Question 18

What is weaning?

Answer 18

the process of introducing solid foods to babies, happens around 6 months as nutrient stores will fall if continue to be exclusively breast fed

Question 19

What’s the formula for body mass index?

Answer 19

weight (kg) divided by height (m)

Question 20

What are the possible nutrient deficiencies with vegetarianism?

Answer 20

-iron deficiency anaemia
-energy
-calcium and other minerals
-vitamin B12 and D

Question 21

What are the possible benefits of vegetarianism?

Answer 21

-increased intake of dietary fibre
-increased intake of fruit and veg
-reduced intake of saturated fat

Question 22

What are the 2 sources of cholesterol in the body?

Answer 22

1. some are present in foods
2. most synthesised by liver cells

Question 23

What are the 2 ways that fatty foods with no cholesterol can still increase blood cholesterol?

Answer 23

1. an increase in dietary fat stimulates reabsorption of cholesterol containing bile back into the blood, therefore less cholesterol is lost in faeces
2. when saturated fats are broken down in the body, liver cells use some of the breakdown products to make cholesterol

Question 24

What does a lipid profile measure?

Answer 24

-total cholesterol (TC)
-HDL cholesterol
-VLDL’s

Question 25

What increases the risk of Coronary Artery Disease?

Answer 25

Total cholesterol

Question 26

What treatments are there for reducing blood cholesterol?

Answer 26

-diet modifications -exercise -drugs e.g statins

Question 27

What is metabolism?

Answer 27

-refers to all chemical reactions in the body -an energy balancing act between anabolic and catabolic reactions

Question 28

What are anabolic and catabolic reactions?

Answer 28

Anabolic= reactions that combine simple substances into more complex molecules Catabolic= reactions that break down complex organic compounds into simple ones

Question 29

What are enzymes?

Answer 29

biological catalysts that speed up the rate of chemical reactions

Question 30

What is the role of ATP in linking anabolic and catabolic reactions?

Answer 30

-in anabolic reactions energy is transferred from ATP to complex molecules (glycogen, proteins, triglycerides), releasing heat -in catabolic reactions energy is transferred from the complex molecules to ATP forming simple molecules (glucose, amino acids, glycerol), releasing heat

Question 31

how are carbohydrates metabolised?

Answer 31

-during digestion disaccharides are converted to glucose -some glucose is catabolised by cells to produce ATP -excess glucose is stored by the liver as glycogen

Question 32

What is cellular respiration?

Answer 32

the catabolism of glucose to produce ATP, involving glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain

Question 33

How are lipids metabolised?

Answer 33

-muscle, liver and adipose cells catabolize fatty acids from triglycerides to produce ATP, through lipolysis

Question 34

How are proteins metabolised?

Answer 34

-during digestion, proteins are broken down into amino acids -these are then oxidised to produce ATP or use to make new proteins for growth and repair -excess amino acids are converted into glucose or triglycerides

Question 35

What are the functions of proteins?

Answer 35

-enzymes -transportation -antibodies -clotting factors -hormones -actin and myosin in muscles -structural body components