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Kat's Pathology > Nutrition > Flashcards

Nutrition Flashcards

(60 cards)

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1
Q

What are the fat soluble vitamins (4)

A

A (retinol)
D (cholecalciferol)
E (tocopherol)
K (phytomenadione)

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2
Q

What does vitamin A deficiency cause

A

Colour blindness

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3
Q

What does vitamin A excess cause

A

Exfoliation hepatitis

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4
Q

How is vitamin A level determined

A

Serum test

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5
Q

What does vitamin D deficiency cause

A

Ostemalacia/Rickets

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6
Q

What does vitamin D excess cause

A

Hypercalcaemia

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7
Q

How is vitamin D level determined

A

Serum test

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8
Q

What does vitamin E deficiency cause (4)

A

Anaemia
Neuropathy
Malignancy
Ischaemic heart disease

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9
Q

How is vitamin E level determined

A

Serum test

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10
Q

What does vitamin K deficiency cause

A

Defective clotting

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11
Q

How is vitamin K level determined

A

PTT

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12
Q

What are the water soluble vitamins (47

A 
B1 (thiamin) 
B2 (riboflavin) 
B6 (pyridoxine) 
B12 (cobalamin) 
C (ascorbate)
Folate
Niacin
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13
Q

What does vitamin B1 deficiency cause (3)

A

Beri-Beri
Neuropathy
Wernicke syndrome

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14
Q

How is vitamin B1 level determined

A

RBC transketolase

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15
Q

What does vitamin B2 deficiency cause

A

Glossitis

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16
Q

What does vitamin B6 deficiency cause (2)

A

Dermatitis

Anaemia

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17
Q

What does vitamin B6 excess cause

A

Neuropathy

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18
Q

How is vitamin B6 level measured

A

RBC AST activation

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19
Q

What does vitamin B12 deficiency cause

A

Pernicious anaemia

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20
Q

How is vitamin B12 level determined

A

Serum B12

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21
Q

What does vitamin C deficiency cause

A

Scurvy

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22
Q

What does vitamin C excess cause

A

Renal stones

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23
Q

How is vitamin C level measured

A

Plasma level

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24
Q

What does folate deficiency cause (2)

A

Megaloblastic anaemia

Neural tube defect

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25
How is folate level determined
RBC folate
26
What does niacin deficiency cause
Pellagra
27
What are the important trace elements in the body (5)
``` Iron Iodine Zinc Copper Flouride ```
28
What does iron deficiency cause
Hypochromic anaemia
29
What does iron excess cause
Haemochromatosis
30
How is iron level measured
FBC, Fe, Ferritin
31
What does iodine deficiency cause (2)
Goitre | Hypothyroidism
32
How is iodine level measured
TFTs
33
What does zinc deficiency cause
Dermatitis
34
What does copper deficiency cause
Anaemia
35
What does copper excess cause
Wilson's
36
How is copper level measured (2)
Cu | Caeroplasmin
37
What does fluoride deficiency cause
Dental caries
38
What does fluoride excess cause
Flourosis
39
What proportion of your diet should ideally consist of carbohydrates
50%
40
What hormones are involved in energy (fat) homeostasis (5)
``` Ghrelin (hunger) PYY (satiety) Leptin Insulin Adiponectin ```
41
What is the idea body fat percentage
10-35%
42
How is obesity measured (3)
Weight Body mass index Waist:Hip ratio
43
What is an overweight BMI
25-30kg/m2
44
What conditions are associated with obesity (7)
``` Psychological morbidity Chest disease Malignancy Cardiovascular disease Diabetes and metabolic syndrome Gynaecological disease Rheumatological disease ```
45
What waist circumference is associated with increased risk of CHD in men
Increased risk >94cm | Major risk >102cm
46
What waist circumference is associated with increased risk of CHD in women
Increased risk >80cm | Major risk >88cm
47
What is the ideal daily protein intake (2)
Men: 84gm Women: 64gm
48
What is protein used for in the body (3)
Indespensable (e.g. leucine) 'Conditionally' indespensable (e.g. cysteine) Dispensabel (e.g. alanine)
49
What is raised HLD associated with
Reduced IHD risk
50
What increased IHD risk (3)
Female Alcohol Obesity
51
What effect does saturated fat have on cholesterol
Higher levels raise cholesterol
52
What effect does polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) have on cholesterol
Increased levels reduce cholesterol
53
What factors are associated with metabolic syndrome (5)
``` Fasting glucose >6mmol/l HLD <1M, <1.3F Hypertension >135/80 Waist circumference >102M, >88F Microalbumin insulin resistance ```
54
What are the treatment options for obesity (6)
``` Exclude endocrine cause Exclude complications of obesity Educate Diet and exercise Medical therapy Surgical therapy ```
55
What medical therapy is available for obesity (2)
Orlistat | GLP-1 agonist
56
What are the bariatric surgical options (3)
Adjustable band Sleeve gastrectomy Gastric bypass (Roux-en-Y gastric bypass)
57
What are the health benefits of bariatric surgery (9)
Resolution/improvement of T2DM Resolution/improvement of hypertension Improved lipid profile Resulting in overall reduction in cardiac risk Resolution of obstructive sleep apnoea Resolution of PCOS and improved fertility Reduced cancer related deaths Regression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease Reduced mortality
58
What are two protein energy malnutrition syndromes
Marasmus | Kwashiorkor
59
What are the clinical features of kwashiorkor (5)
``` Oedematous Scaling/ulceration Lethargic Large liver, SC fat Protein deficient ```
60
What are the clinical features of marasmus (4)
Shrivelled Growth retarded Severe muscle wasting No SC fat

Kat's Pathology (105 decks)

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