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Year 4 Livestock and One Health > Nutrition and GI: Conditions of the GI tract > Flashcards

Nutrition and GI: Conditions of the GI tract Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 2 types of bloat?

A
  1. Free gas bloat- less common- obstruction
  2. Frothy bloat- more common, stable foam produced on top of rumen liquid blocks gas release
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2
Q

What are the clinical signs of bloat?

A
  • Rumen on LHS- distended
  • Often painful, reluctant to move and eat
  • Respiratory distress
  • Death can occur quickly
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3
Q

What can cause free gas bloat?

A

Obstruction of oesophagus
* FB- spuds/placenta
* Chronic pneumonia- mediastinal abscess/tuburcle

Other conditions which interfere with rumenoreticular motility

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4
Q

What causes frothy bloat?

A
  • Occurs most common in animals on alfalfa, lucerne or clover
  • Rapidly digested in the rumen and form fine particles that trap gas bubbles
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5
Q

How is free gas bloat treated?

A
  • Pass stomach tube
  • Trochar
  • Chronic bloat- red devil, rumen fistula

Treat underlying condition

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6
Q

What are specfic signs of oesophageal obstruction?

A
  • Inability to swallow
  • Regurgitation of feed and H2O
  • Drooling
  • Bloat
  • Stop eating
  • Restless
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7
Q

How is obstructional bloat treated?

A
  • Conservative
  • Many self resolve
    1. Starve and observe
    2. Sedate
    3. Buscopan
    4. Flunixin

Manual removal
* Gag and pass hand into back of pharynx
* Assitant push FB up

Cardia: push into rumen

If unsuccessful-
1. trocharise to relieve bloat
2. Feed via rumen
3. Wait till obstruction passes
4. Warn owner of possible oesophageal damage/necrosis

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8
Q

How is frothy bloat treated?

A
  1. Pass stomach tube
  2. Trochar
  3. Surfactant then excercise- oils, commercial preparatoin
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9
Q

How is frothy bloat prevented?

A
  • Aboid high risk pastures
  • Buffer feed
  • Strip graze
  • Antifoaming agents- spray grass
  • Remove animals with recurrent bloat
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10
Q

What is the common history of traumatic reticulitis?

A
  1. Sudden milk drop
  2. Hunched appearance
  3. Stiff gait
  4. Inappetent
  5. Often fed a TMR
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11
Q
  1. Where does the reticulum lie?
  2. What are its contractions?
A
  1. Opposite 6-8th rib LHS
  2. 3 rumen/reticular contractions
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12
Q

What happens in the primary and secondary rumen contraction?

A

Primary
* Mixing
* Contraction of reticulum then rumen

Secondary
* Rumen contraction
* Starts in caudal rumen
* Eructation

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13
Q

Order of primary rumen contractions:
1. Reticular
2. Reticular
3. Dorsal rumen
4. Ventral rumen

What happens to each

A
  1. Coarse material to dorsal sac
  2. Fine material to cranio-dorsal, fine material to omasum
  3. Fine material to craniodorsal, coarse circled, some ventral sac exchange
  4. Fine material to cranial blind, exchange with dorsal, some fine to cranio-dorsal
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14
Q

How is traumatic reticulitis diagnosed?

A

Eric williams test
* Listen over trachea
* Feel rumen contractions in L flank

Withers pinch- abdominal pain
Pole test- abdominal test
Faeces- stiffer with long fibre (individual not SARA)
WBC- non specific

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15
Q

Describe the eric williams test

A

Primary cycle
* Place right hand in left sub lumbar fossa
* Stethoscope over trachea
* Feel contraction
* No eructation

Secondary cycle
* Feel contractoin
* Observe eruction

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16
Q

What are the clinical signs of traumatic reticuilitis?

A
  • Sudden onset
  • Increased temp- 39.5
  • Reduced rumen contractions
  • Eric williams test- +ve, then -ve later on
  • Hunched
  • Inappetant
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17
Q
  1. What can cause traumatic reticulitis?
  2. What are the consequences?
A
  1. Tyres, bailing sheep netting, nails, fencing
  2. Consequences
    * If no penetration- no effect

Penetration- local reticulo-peritonitis
* Ventral/lateral better
* Medial- damage to vagus, abscess to medial wall, no pain receptors
* Pericardium- pericarditis

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18
Q

What are the further signs of traumatic pericarditis?

A
  • Pulse and temp raised
  • Very ill
  • Heart sounds
    Initially- pericardial rub
    Later- quiet
    Later- washing machine

Heart failure develops
* Distended jugular V
* Visible jugular pulse
* Sub-mandibular oedema

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19
Q

Describe and exploratory rumenotomy?

A
  1. Left sub lumbar fossa
  2. Incise
  3. Palpate abdomen
  4. Exteriorise cranial portion of rumen
  5. 2 bone pins- anchors
  6. Sterile towels as seal around rumen
  7. Incise rumen
  8. Hand forward
  9. Locate rumen
  10. Search for FB- often ventral
  11. Close- cushing or lembert

After care
* ABs
* NSAIDs

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20
Q

What causes vagus indigestion?

A

Complication of trauamtic reticuloperitonitis
* Vagus nerve injury
* Reticular adhesions

Vagus nerve dysfunction
* enlarged rumen bloat or
* abomasal impaction

Can be actinobacillosis of rumen, fibropapillomas, late pregnancy

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21
Q

What is the pathogenesis of vagus indigestion?

A
  • Disturbance in rumen flow
  • Disturbance in pylorus flow
    Rumen distension
  • Alteration in reticulo rumen motility- hypermotile or hypomotile
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22
Q

What are the clinical findings of vagus indigestion?

A
  • Chronic inappetance- loss of BCS
  • 10 to 4 appearance- bloat
  • Dehydration
  • Enlarged rumen
  • Scant faeces
  • Undigested material
  • Inadequate response to tx
  • Distended abomasum in lower right quadrant
  • Hypermotile
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23
Q

What are DDXs for vagus indigestion?

Study These Flashcards
A
  1. Chronic traumatic reticulitis
  2. Abomasal impaction/dietary origin
  3. Omasal impaction
  4. Abomasal ulceration
23
Q

What are DDXs for vagus indigestion?

Study These Flashcards
A
  1. Chronic traumatic reticulitis
  2. Abomasal impaction/dietary origin
  3. Omasal impaction
  4. Abomasal ulceration
24
What are risk factors for GI conditions
* Usually early lactation * Traditionally in housed but also seen in grass * 'Imbalance of fibre and concentrate' * Assocaited with ketosis and FMS * Hypocalcaemia * Concurrent inflammatory disease * Cow comfort
25
What are the clinical signs of LDA?
* Reduced milk yield * Not reaching expected yield * Ketosis * Selective appetite- prefers fibre * 0-4 weeks post calving * Ping
26
What are differential diagnoses for LDA?
* Vagal indigestion * Peritonitis * Gas in rumen
27
What abomasal sound are present on LDA?
* Spontaneous- tinkling and gurgling * Ping- gas fluid interference- map out area * Absence of sounds over abomasum * Fat cows- no ping
28
1. What fixes the abomasum in place? 2. How can it move?
1. Fixed by- omasum, duodenum, omentum 2. Middle portion can travel, as rumen contracts abomasum buoyed by gas works its way to left
29
How can LDA be treated by rolling?
* Cast * Right lateral recumbency * Roll to dorsal * Roll over to left lateral * Ping to see if moved- can repeat * Good quality roughage
30
What are the advantages and disadvantages of LDA rolling?
ADV * Cheap * Non-invasive * Concurrent disease DIS * Least successful * Ulcer rupture
31
What is toggling?
Placing sutures where the abomasum naturally lies * Clip before casting * Avoid major abdominal vessels * Ample labour * Knee in abdomen * Push trochar into abomasum * Caudal toggle placed * Cranial suture placed * Loose tie
32
What are the advantages and disadvantages of toggling?
Adv * Cheap * Minimally invasive * Relatively straight forward * Quick Dis * Going blind * Do not see ulcers/adhesions * Fistula formation * Risk of getting kicked
33
What are the different surgical methods of displaced abomasum?
* L and R sided approach * L side * R side * R paramedian approach
34
Describe a L/R bilateral flank
1. Para-vertebral 2. Incision 5cm caudal to last rib- both sides 3. Both slide hand down wall of abdomen and shake hands 4. Decompress abdomen 5. Push abomasum to midline 6. Pull up to right incision 7. Omentopexy
35
Describe a right side omentopexy?
1. R flank incision 2. Put hand over rumen in backwards direction 3. Feel top of abomasum- release gas 4. Withdraw arm 5. Arm into abdomen- follow R body wall down under L side 6. Grasp abomasum/omentum 7. Sweep down, pull to incision 8. Idenfity sows ear (pylorus) 9. Omentopexy
36
Describe a L sided omentopexy?
1. Left sided incision 2. Grasp greater curvature of abomasum or omentum 3. Weave suture through omentum or abomasum 4. Decompress- needle and tub 5. Attach needle to thread 6. Bring to R ventral midline 7. Penetrate body wall with needle 8. Repeat with caudal suture 9. Tie sutures tight
37
Describe a ventral abdominal paramedian
1. Sedation/full GA 2. Dorsal 3. Line block 4. Incise where abomasum lies normally 5. Locate abomasum 6. Cat gut- 4-6 matress sutures to abdominal wall 7. Suture
38
What progression can occur with right sided displaced abomasum?
* Dilation and distension * Displacement * Torsion Causes pooling of H+ and Cl- in abomasum * Metabolic alkalosis * Dehydration * Mucosal damage * Cytokine release * Metabolic acidosis * Severe dehydration
38
What progression can occur with right sided displaced abomasum?
* Dilation and distension * Displacement * Torsion Causes pooling of H+ and Cl- in abomasum Metabolic alkalosis Dehydrationq
39
What are differential diagnoses for right sided displaced abomasum?
* Abomasal impaction * Caecal torsion * Traumatic reticulitis * Intestinal obstruction
40
How is right sided DA treated?
Dilation/displacement Medical- * Ca 40% * Metoclopramide * Buscopan * Fluids Surgical- drain and replace Torsion- slaughter, surgery
41
What post op care is required for displaced abomasums?
* Fluid therapy * NSAIDs * Antibiotics * Oral KCL * Ca 40% * Propylene glycol
42
What is the usual history of intestinal conditions?
* Sudden milk drop * Anorexia * Ruminal stasis * Abdominal pain- kicking flank, getting up and down * Minimal passage of faeces * Palpation of loops of intestine per rectum * Mild right sided bloat
43
What are the differentials for intestinal conditions?
* Intestinal obstruction * Foreign body * Intestinal volvulus/torsion * Intussusception * Intestinal incarceration or strangulation * Intestinal neoplasia * Jejunal haemorrhage syndrome * Peritonitis * Acidosis
44
1. What does this image show? 2. How is it diagnosed?
1. Mesenteric volvulus 2. Dx * Clinical signs- abdominal discomfort * Palpation per rectum- dilated loops * US * PM
45
When is surgery indicated for intestinal conditions- eg mesenteric volvulus?
* Rapidity of deterioration * Severity of colic and its response to analgesia * Severity of abdominal distention * Absence of faecal output * Heart rate * Rectal palpation findings * Blood lactate * Blood calcium
46
1. What is the aetiology of jejunal haemorrhagic syndrome? 2. What are the clincial signs 3. How is it reated?
1. Unknown- clostridium perfringens type A?, mycotoxins? 2. Anorexia and lethargy 3. Medically or surgically- not very successful
47
What is the history for caecal dilation and volvulus?
* Dairy cow * 1st few months of lactation * Inappetent * Decreased milk yield * Ping in dorso-caudal right sublumbar fossa * Rectally: Distended, recognisable viscus into the pelvis
48
What is the aetiology of caecal dilation and volvulus?
* Excess carbs which are fermented in caecum * Increased VFA, reduced pH * Caecal atony * Accumulation of ingesta and gas * Atony, dilation, torsion
49
What are the clinical sigs of caecal dilation? What additional signs are with volvulus?
Dilation * Anorexia * Mild abdominal discomfort * Reduced milk yield * Reduced faeces * Ping- right sublumbar fossa Volvulus * Dehydration * Tachycardia * Abdominal pain Rectal * Distension- long cylindrical, moveable organ, blind end points to pelvic vacity * Volvulus- points cranial and lateral or medial
50
How can caecal dilationbe treated medically and surgically?
Medically * Good quality hay * TLC * Monitoring hydration and HR Surgically * Determine if torsion * Purse string suture * Incise- milk caecal contents out * Correct torsion and suture * Post op- ABs, long fibre, TLC
51
Summarise abomasal ulcers and sequalae
* Mature cattle * Acute abomasal haemorrhage * Melena * Perfoation- acute local peritionitis, leading to acute diffuse peritonitis
52
What are the primary and secondary causes of abomasal ulcers?
Primary: unkown * Lactation- stress * Stressfull events * Handfed calves- weaned Secondary * LDA * RDA * Vagal indigestion
53
What are the 4 types of abomasal ulcers?
Type 1 * Non perforating * Minimal amounts of intra luminal haemorrhage Type 2 * Major blood vessel perforates * Severe blood loss * Melena Type 3 * Perforating ulcer * Acute, local peritonitis Type 4 * Perforating ulcer * Diffuse peritonitis
54
What are clinical findings of abomasal ulcers?
1. Abdominal pain 2. Melena 3. Pale MM 4. Sudden onset anorexia 5. Tachycardia Perforation- hypovolaemia, unable to stand
55
How are abomasal ulcers treated?
Generally conservatively Antacids: * Magnesium oxide * Aluminium hydroxide Blood transfusions/fluids Surgical excision- mid line

Year 4 Livestock and One Health (58 decks)

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