Poultry: Backyard Poultry Flashcards
(86 cards)
1
Q
What are different type of common poultry breeds?
A
Pure breeds
Outdoor hybrids
Commercial hybrids- rescued battery hens
2
Q
Match the breed name to the picture:
* Cochin
* Malay
* Old English Game Bantam
* Ancona
* Hampshire Red
* Brahma
* Plymouth Rock
* Scots Grey
A
3
Q
What are examples of outdoor hybrids?
A
4
Q
- What is housing important for?
- What is important inside housing?
A
- Protection, adverse weather conditions, predators- rodents, wild animals, birds of prey
- Temperature, ventilation, dustiness, ammonia
5
Q
What is the definition of free-range poultry?
A
During daylight poultry has access to:
ground with vegetation, mud and nettles, bark, woodchips, gravel or mesh
6
Q
What are the 5 freedoms?
A
- Freedom from hunger and thirst
- Freedom from discomfort
- Freedom from pain, injury or disease
- Freedom to express normal behaviour
- Freedom from fear and distress
7
Q
What does improper handling result in?
A
Respiratory distress
Skeletal injuries
Stress
Death
8
Q
What is a normal TPR for a bird?
A
Temperature- 40-42 C
Heart rate- 120-160bpm
Respiratory rate- 20-130pm
Ascultate HR through wishbone
9
Q
What is assesed during a clinical examination?
A
- Temperature
- Mouth
- Oropharynx
- External Parasites*
- Skin, feather, scales
- Vent
- Abdomen
*-lice, red mite, northern fowl mite, scaly leg mite, de-pluming mite
10
Q
What are the two sites used for taking blood samples?
A
Wing vein- extend out wing, pluck feathers parallel towards chicken
Jugular- right it bigger
Birds RBCs nucleated
10
Q
What are the two sites used for taking blood samples?
A
Wing vein- extend out wing, pluck feathers parallel towards chicken
Jugular- right it bigger
Birds RBCs nucleated
11
Q
How can a faecal sample be taken?
What can faecal samples show?
A
Clocacal swab or dropping
* Parasitic eggs or oocyst- gizzard worm, trichostrongyle, heterakis, gapeworm, capilaria
* Protozoal oocyst- eimeria
12
Q
How should a healthy chickens head appear?
A
Nostril- dry
Comb- red
Eyes- bright
Beak- normal shape/occlusion
Feathers- present and shiny
Bird BAR
13
Q
How is a chicken BCS found?
A
Pin bones- fat coverage
Breast muscle- fitness
Scale of 1-5
14
Q
What are the bones from proximal to distal in wings and legs of birds?
A
Wings- humerus, radius/ulna, fused metacarpal, alula, digits
Legs- femur, tibiotarsus, tarsometatarsus (shank), spur, digits
15
Q
What skeletal conditions can affect poultry?
A
Fractures
Kyphosis
Scoliosis
Spondylosis
Bent breastbone
Rickets
Bent toes
Roach back
16
Q
What skin glands do poultry have?
A
No skin glands, sebaceous or swear
Specialised glands-Uropygieal gland
Within outer auditory canal
Ventral glands of cloaca
17
Q
Where is a brood patch on poultry?
What controls it?
What happens prior to laying?
A
- Different species have different proportion/location
- Mostly caudal half of the ventral apterium
- Hormone controlled
- Prior to laying- brood patch looses all/part feathers and highly vascularised
- Many thermo-receptors
- Subsequent cycle of moulting, feathers regrown
18
Q
What are the functions of feathers?
A
- Flight
- Insulation- temp and incubation
- Behaviour
- Moulting
19
Q
How are poultry species wing clipped?
A
With a sharp scissors clip the first 10 long feathers on one wing only
20
Q
What problems can be related to feathers?
A
- Feather pecking
- Moulting
- Wing clipping
- Nutrition related
- De-pluming mite
21
Q
What is the indication of skin problems?
How can it present differently?
A
Discoloured comb
* Pale
* Purple
* Black
* Yellow
* White flakes
* White spots
22
Q
What condition is affecting this chicken?
A
Pox virus infection
23
Q
What skin conditions can affect poultry?
A
- Pox virus
- Fungal infection
- Breast blister
- Ear infection
- Ringworm
- Bumble foot
- Spurs
- Vent pecking
- Erysipelas- bacterial
24
What are the parasites that can infect the skin?
Lice
Red mite
Northern fowl mite
Scaly leg mite
De-plimbing mite
25
What conditions do the following images show?
26
What are the different broad ways to control external poultry parasites?
Biosecurity
Managment
Medication- treat birds and hideaways
27
How can different external parasites be treated in poultry?
Lice: louse powder
Mites: live powder if contains permethrin
Diatomaceous earth (detoxifying)
Scaly leg mite: surgical spirit
De-pluming- do not use fipronil
28
Name the organs of the digestive tract from cranial to caudal?
* Beak
* Mouth
* Crop
* Proventriculus and Gizard
* Intestines
* Pancreas
* Liver
* Caeca
29
How does the proventriculus and gizzard function?
* Food moves fowards and back several times
* Works like stomach and teeth
* 'teeth' gizzard must have insoluble grit
30
What are the internal parasites that can affect poultry, where are they found?
Capillaria: intestine- ill thrift, fatal
Heterakis: caeca- ill thrift, vector: histomonas spp
Ascarids: intestine- ill thrift, fatal if impaction
Trichostrongyles: intestine- ill thrift, severe weight loss (red grouse)
Tape worm: intestine- ill thrift, weight loss
Gizzard worm: gizzard, fatal in young stock
Gapeworm
31
What does this image show?
Ascarid impaction
32
What does this image show?
Gapeworm
33
How are internal nematodes in poultry treated?
Flubendazole- licensed wormer
in food for 7 days
34
What protozoa can affect poultry?
How is it controlled?
Eimeria spp
Control:
Biosecurity
Managment- density, hygiene and sanitation
35
What causes black head in chickens?
What are the clinical signs
Histomonosis
H.gallinarum
Turkeys, peasants, qual, peacocks and guinea fowl
Yellow diarrhoea, fatality
36
What does trichomonosis cause in poultry?
Cancker in chicken, turkey and pheasants
Worm regularly, cider vinegar
Probiotics
37
What does haxamitosis cause in poultry?
Diarrhoea and unthriftness in turkeys, pheasants, pigeons
38
What non-parasitic digestive problems can occur in poultry?
* Sour crop/Crop mycosis
* Impacted/pendulous crop
* Impacted gizzard
* Bacterial infections (E.coli, campylo, salmonella, clostridium)
* Viral (rotavirus, reovirus, coronavirus, astrovirus)
* Nutritional diarrhoea
* Nurtrional disorders
39
What digestice tract problem does this photo show?
Impacted gizzard
40
What bacteria is the cause of spotty liver?
Campylobacter
41
What causes nutritonal disorders?
Fatty liver syndrome
42
What can be non-infectious causes of respiratory related problems?
* Tumours
* Behaviour
* Nutrition
* Managment
* Environmental
* Physical
* Chemical
43
What are the signs of respiratory related problems?
* Nasal discharge
* Noisy breathing
* Head shaking
* Blocked nares
* Coughing
* Sneezing
* Gasping
44
What are the different infectious causes of respiratory disease?
* Infectious bronchitis
* Avian metapneumovirus
* Infectious laryngotracheitis
* Mycoplasmosis
* Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale
* Aspergillosis
* Gapeworm
* Chlamydiosis
* Newcaste- notifiable
* Avian influenza- notifiable/zoonotic
* Pigeon paramyxovirus- notifiable
45
What are the clinical signs to chalmydiosis?
Purulent ocular and nasal discharge, conjunctivitis, dull and depressed, no response to macrolides
Zoonois
Swabs for culture, isolation and identification
46
What respiratory infection does this show?
Aspergillus funigatus
Dyspnea, production drops
Zoonoses
47
How long does egg production take in the following locations?
1. Infundibulum
2. Magnum
3. Isthmus
4. Uterus
5. Vagina to cloaca
1. 0.5 hour- capture ovum
2. 3 hr- albumin added
3. Isthmus- 1.25hr- shell membranes added
4. 20hr- shell added
5. Vagina to cloaca
48
How long is incubation for the following species?
1. Chicken
2. Turkey
3. Duck
4. Duck Muscovy
5. Pheasant
6. Partridge
7. Pigeon
8. Geese
9. Quail
1. 21 days
2. 28 days
3. 28 days
4. 35 days
5. 24-26 days
6. 23-24 days
7. 16-19 days
8. 28-33 days
9. 16-18 days
49
What do eggs needed to be protected agains?
* Wild birds
* Rodents
* Other poultry
* Wild animals
* Insects
50
How should eggs be stored and incubated?
Over 24hrs <7 days
Storage at 10 degrees, turn eggs daily
Washing with warm water
51
1. What is candling?
2. When is it done?
3. How is it done?
1. 9-10 days after incubation
Determines fertiligy of eggs
2. Use small bright torch, held at broad end of egg
52
What is needed to rear chicks?
Warmth- best ceramic lamb, brooder
Food- chick crumbs in scratch proof feeder
Water- spill-proof drinker, wash and clean daily
Litter- wood shavings, newspaper, commercial litter
53
How can chicks be sexed?
54
What are potential problems for breeder/layers?
* Oviduct infection
* Egg peritonitis- common in good layers, ascites, peritonitis, death
* IBV infection- mis-shapen/weak eggs, watery whites, rough shell
* M synovaie- apex egg abnormalities
* Egg bound- lack of Ca
* Vent gleet
* Pyometra
55
What can poultry vertically transmit?
Viruses
* reovirus- viral arthritis
* Retrovirus- lymphoid leucosis
* Adenovirus- marple disease, egg drop syndrome, turkey haemorrhagic enteritis
* Astroviruses
Bacteria
* Salmonella
* E.coli
* Staphylocci
* Mycoplasma
Fungus
* Aspergillus
56
What is the main disease presentation to affect the urinary tract in poultry?
What can cause it?
Nephritis and nephrosis
**Non-infectious cause**- Water deprivation, water/feed quality
Infectious
**Infectious cause**
IBV
IBDV
Mareks
Bacterial infection
Uroliths
57
What non-infectious and infectious can cause nervous system problems?
Non-infectious
Poison- botulism, heavy metals, phenol, salt
Nutritional- deficiency (A, E, thiamine)
Infectious
NDV, AIV, Aspergillus
58
What disease casues this presentation?
NDV or Aspergillus spp
59
What disease causes these presentation?
Mareks disease virus
60
What diseases are immune system related?
Infectious bursal disease virus
Chicken anaemia virus
Mareks virus
Reticuloendotheliosis
Reovirus
Haemorrhagic enteritis virus
Mycotoxicosis
61
How can poultry be anaesthetised?
Ketamine- 10mg/kg for upto 1kg, 5mg/kg for over 2kg, SC/IM
Isoflurane/Sevoflurance- intubation
Raise head to prevent regurgiation of crop contents
| Ket- beware of flapping on recovery
61
How can poultry be anaesthetised?
Ketamine- 10mg/kg for upto 1kg, 5mg/kg for over 2kg, SC/IM
Isoflurane/Sevoflurance- intubation
Raise head to prevent regurgiation of crop contents
61
How can poultry be anaesthetised?
Ketamine- 10mg/kg for upto 1kg, 5mg/kg for over 2kg, SC/IM
Isoflurane/Sevoflurance- intubation
Raise head to prevent regurgiation of crop contents
62
What analgesia can be used for poultry?
Buprenorphine (0.01-0.05mg/kg IM)
Carprofen (5-10mg/kg IM)
Ketoprofen (5-10mg/kg IM)
Meloxicam (2-10mg/kg IM)
Then orally to weight
63
What is required for poultry emergency and critical care?
* Keep warm
* position not to restrict breathing
* Oxygen as needed
* Glucose
* Quiet environment
* Fluid- subcut, IV or IO
* Crop feeding with electrolytes
64
What vaccines are used in vaccine that can be used in backyard?
Mareks, IBV, NDV, Coccidial, aMPV, Salmonella
65
How can poultry be euthanised?
Pentobarbitone
IV- wing, jugular
IM- breast
Intracardiac- long needle via thoracic in-let
Occipital sinus
Neck dislocation for those <3kg
66
What are the following breeds?
67
Name the breeds
68
What access to water do waterfowl need?
Not only for drinking
Also to be able to get their head under water
Ponds- natural or artificial
69
What breed of geese is this?
Toulouse- greylag with lumpy necks
70
Name the geese breeds?
71
What can be use to catch, handle and restrain swans?
Swan jackets
72
Where is blood samples from wildfowl?
Medial metatarsal vein
73
What can be some neonatal problems?
Starving
Yolk-sac infection
Yolk-sac retention/rupture
Chilling
Leg and wing deformities
Infections- E.coli, Aspergillus fumigatus
74
What is angel wing?
How is it treated?
Excessive protein intake during rearing can cause uratesto to be deposited in soft joints
Primary feathers are last to be produced
Carpal joint deforms and with the weight of quills so primaries point outwards
Decrease the protein
75
How does rickets commonly present?
Solution?
Presented as lameness, slow growth and twistd bones
Solution: check diet formulation/managment and supplement vitamin D
76
What viral infectious diseases can affects waterfowl?
* Duck viral enteritis- herpes
* Duck viral hepatitis- picornavirus
* Goose viral hepatitis
* Haemorrhagic nephritis, enteritis of geese
* Avian influenza
77
What bacterial/fungal infectious disease can infect waterfowl?
* Mycoplasmosis
* Salmonellosis
* E.coli
* Pasturella. multocida/anatipestifer
* Chlamydiophilosis
* Yersioniosis
* Avian TB
* Aspergillosis
* Candidiasis
78
What parasitic disease can infect waterfowl?
* Coccidiosis
* Trichmonosis
* Schistosomosis
* Haemoparasites
* Parasitic worms- gapeworms, gizzard worms, capillaria, heterakis, conjunctival
* Feather lice
* Air sac mites
* Leeches
79
Most common signs of disease in waterfowl?
Lameness
Lethargy
Weight loss
Sudden death
80
What non-infectious conditions can affect waterfowl?
* Bumble foot
* Oil contamination
* Grass ball under tongue
* Wet feathers- mould spored
* Frostbite
* Toxitcities
81
What neoplasia can affect waterfowl?
Osteosarcoma
Hepatic tumours
82
How can fractures in legs be treated in waterfowl?
* Treat shock
* Rigid stabilisation
* Rotational alignment
* IM pin and ESF
* Clean water swimming for rehab
83
What can cause a penile prolapse in waterfowl?
* Venereal disease
* Trauma
* Significant cold weather
* Excessive sexual stimulation
Ulceration and necrosis
Consider amputation
