Nutrition and Nutrients Flashcards
(170 cards)
1
Q
Amino acids that are most commonly deficient in feed
A
Lysine
Methionine
Tryptophan
2
Q
What are some variables that can alter nutritional composition
A
Time of year
Availability of water
Time of harvest
Plant variety
Processing
Conservation
3
Q
Haylage
A
Semi-wilted, fermented grases/legumes in bags
4
Q
Feedstuff
A
Component of a diet (ration) that serves some useful function
5
Q
Component of proximate analysis determined by drying a sample in an oven until constant weight
A
Dry Matter
6
Q
Types of nutrients
A
Carbohydrate
Protein
Lipid
Minerals
Vitamins
+/- Water
+/- Energy
7
Q
Proximate analysis component determined by boiling a knowns amount of ground feed sample in a weak acid solution followed by filtration and repeating the process with weak base solution before drying
A
Crude Fiber
8
Q
Essential Fatty Acid
A
Animal requires but not able to synthesize
______________
Linoleic and Linolenic
9
Q
Number one US grain
US major exporter and producer
Highly palatable
High energy, low fiber
Fed whole, ground or flaked
A
Corn
10
Q
Vitamins are easily destroyed by
A
Heat
Sunlight
Oxidation
Long Storage
11
Q
Forages/pastures are most nutritious if harvested and/or eaten as (young/old) plant
A
Young
12
Q
Suited to cold and wet weather
Low fiber and less energy than other grains
Fed whole or rolled
Very safe but not as nutritious as other grains
A
Oats
13
Q
Functions of minerals
A
Enzyme activity
Oxygen transport
Component of vitamins
Osmotic pressure
Nervous system
14
Q
Found in the highest concentration - after water - in all living organisms
A
Proteins
15
Q
Cold tolerant
Has a hard kernal
Rolled, ground or flaked
Drought tolerant
Must not be fed green
A
Barley
16
Q
Drought resistant
Composition similar to corn
Fed ground or rolled
Less energy content than corn
A
Sorghum
17
Q
Effect of goitorgenic compounds of canola
A
Disrupts thyroid metabolism
18
Q
Maltose
A
Glucose + Glucose
19
Q
1 cal = _____ J
A
4.184 J
20
Q
Forage
A
Total plant material to be consumed by the animal
21
Q
Tropical grass found on lawns, pastures, hays
Dense root mass
Spreads through rhizomes
Very fibrous when over mature
A
Bermuda Grass
22
Q
Mainly used for human use
Must be rolled or pressed to break the hard kernel
Become pasty in GI tract
High energy, high crude protein, low fiber
A
Wheat
23
Q
Hay
A
Forage baled at low water content
24
Q
Cool season grasses
A
Timothy
Sweet-Clover
25
(Low/High) NDF values are desired
Low
26
Vitamin D deficiency causes
Rickets
27
Nodules in root system
Transform atmospheric N into usable form
High CP
Legumes
28
Common mineral deficiencies of pigs
Iron
Selenium
29
Vitamin K deficiency causes
Tissue hemorrhage
30
Common native grasses
Little Bluestem
Big Bluestem
Indian Grass
Switch Grass
31
(Low/High) ADF concentration feeds are usually more nutritious
Low
32
Nitrogen Free Extract (NFE) =
NFE = 100 - (CP + CF+ Crude Fat + Ash)
33
Vitamin E
Germ or germ oil of plants, green plants or hay sources
34
Sources of water
Drinking water
Free water (feedstuff)
Metabolic water
35
By product of wet milling of corn starch and syrup
40-60% CP
Low palatability
Corn Gluten Meal
36
T/F: Water is considered a nutrient **when formulating rations.**
False
37
Storage for preserved long fibers
Hay
Haylage
38
Common mineral deficiency of sheep
Cobalt
39
Vitamin K
Green plant material source
40
Types of silages
Ensiled Forages
Proteinaceous
Carbonaceous
41
Component of proximate analysis determined by sample digested in hot, concentrated sulphuric acid to convert all carbon to carbon dioxide and nitrogen is trapped
Crude Protein
42
Amino Acids
Building blocks of proteins
43
Feedstuffs can be classified according to 8 different categories
Roughages
Pasture, Range Plants, Plants fed green
Silages and Haylages
Energy Feeds
Protein Supplements
Mineral Supplements
Vitamin Supplements
Non-Nutritive Additives
44
Neutral Detergen Fiber (NDF)
Structural components of the plant - specifically cell wall
Predictor of voluntary intake
45
Pentoses
Arabinose
Ribose
Xylose
46
High Energy Feed Stuffs
Cereal
Grain By-Products
Molasses
Sugar Beet Pulp
Citrus Pulp
47
Production of oil and linen cloth
Meal results from oil extraction
CP low, CF high
Poor amino acid content
May contain cyanogen
Linseed (Flax)
48
Disaccharide examples
Lactose
Maltose
Sucrose
49
Feed Additives
Ingredient or combination of ingredients added to basic feed mix to fulfill a specific need
50
Two major storage forms for forages
Hay
Silage
51
Lipoproteins
Lipids that contain proteins
52
Macrominerals
Major minerals found in concentrations above 100ppm
53
Main role of lipids
Act as concentrated form of stored energy
54
Pastures are important feed for what species
Dairy cows
55
Digestible Energy (DE) =
DE = Gross Energy (Feed) - Gross Energy (Feces)
56
To determine mineral content what analysis must be done
Atomic Absorption
Spectrophotometry
57
Polysaccharide examples
Cellulose
Glycogen
Starch
Gums
Hemicelluose
58
One of the most popular roughages for dairy cattle
Highly palatable silage
Easily stored and handled
Requires less labor to harvest and feed
50% grain
Corn Silage
59
Common mineral deficiency in goats and chickens
Zinc
60
Legume
Production of oil and grain
Beans must be heat treated
Oil pressing
Most important protein supplement
Soybean
61
Very common and quality grass hay
Grows in cool weather
Very productive
CP 14-17%
Orchard Grass
62
Components evaluated in proximate analysis
Dry Matter
Crude Protein
Ether Extract
Crude Fiber
Ash
Nitrogen Free Extract
63
Grains produced by plants of the grass family
Competition with human nutrition
Immesne tonages of harvested grains
Cereal Grains
64
Classification of Feedstuff
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Plant transforms solar energy into nutrient souces via photosynthesis
Primarily provide dietary carbohydrates
Require action of microbial digestion in GI tract
Roughages and Forages
65
T/F: Monogastrics perform well on roughages and foragages
False
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Ruminants, Horses and Rabbit perform well
66
Unsaturated Fatty Acid
Not all bonds of the carbon are taken by H
67
Bloat in cattle can be due to ingestion of this feedstuff
Alfalfa
68
Example of carbonaceous silages
Corn Silage
Grass Silage
69
Four categories of herbage
Grasses
Legumes
Forbs
Browse
70
Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS)
Analytical method slowly replacing proximate analysis
Useful for cereals and pelleted rations
71
T/F: Kjeldahl Method gives accurate result for feed grade urea
False
72
Proximate analysis component determined by burning feed at 300C to 600C
Ash
73
Functions of proteins
Protecting the body
Food digestion
Stimulating growth
Immune reaction
74
Energy
Capacity to do work
75
Tropical crop
Meal obtained after oil extraction
Low on lysine
Low digestibility
Peanuts
76
1 cal = ______ kcal
1 kcal
77
Kjeldahl Method
Estimates crude protein content by measuring nitrogen content irrespective of source
78
Special concerns with pastures
Poisonous plants
Bloat
Nitrate Poisoning
79
Most grasses consumed are of the (C3/C4) type.
C3
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Higher protein than C4
80
Common grass of lawns and pastures
Drought tolerant
Tolerant to cold *and* warm weathers
CP 12%, ADF 30-40%
Fescue
81
Blister Beetle Toxicity
Horses
Cantharidin toxin of blister beetles found in alfalfa
GI irritant, oral ulcers, colic, death
82
Hexoses
Fructose
Glucose
Galactose
Mannose
83
Cold adapted grass
Does not withstand drought
Important hay grass
Favorite of horses, cubed for rabbits and horses
CP relatively high
Timothy
84
Nitrogen Free Extract is an estimation of
Readily available carbohydrates
85
Lipid
Organic compound insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvent
86
Vitamin
Organic substances required by the organisms in very small amounts
87
Temperate climate legume
Cold adapted
May cause problems related to photosentization in horses by unclear mechanism
Alsike Clover
88
Common legume in pastures and lawns
"Dutch Clover"
High CP levels - 17-33%
White Clover
89
Common clinical signs of vitamin deficiency
Anorexia
Reduced growth
Dermatitis
Muscular incoordination
Weakness
90
Vitamin B Complex
Animal and fish by products, dairy products
91
Water losses occur through
Urine
Feces
Lungs
Skin
Milk
92
Roughage
Dietary component high in fiber
93
Disaccharide
Consists of 2 sugar molecules
94
Silages
Moisture higher than haylage and hay
95
Water loss increases with
High protein
High mineral salts
High fiber
High intakes
96
Last resort plant material
Few animals able to digest
Browse
97
Inorganic materials are determined by ______ content
Ash
98
What happens when energy deficiency occurs?
Animals will mobilize body reserves (fat)
99
Vitamin A
Only found in animal tissues or synthesized
100
Legume excellent source of protein, calcium, carotene, tocopherol and water soluble vitamins
Highly palatable
Deep rooted - drought tolerant
Alfalfa
101
Metabolizable Energy (ME) =
ME = Digestible Energy - Gross Energy (Urine + Gas)
102
Classifications of vitamins
Water Soluble
Fat Soluble
103
Vitamin A deficiency causes
blindness
104
Popular feed ingredients for ruminants
Whole cob including grain ground
More crude fiber than grain
Corn and Cob Meal
105
Relatively winter hardy/ low temperature tolerant grass
Very common
CP 12%, ADF 22-26%, NDF 50%
Brome Grass
106
Legume commonly found in pasture
Characteristic red flower
Contamination with fungus Rhizoctonia leguminocola
Red Clover
107
Minerals
Inorganic components of the diet - solid, crystallline elements that cannot be decomposed or synthesized by chemical reactions
108
Storage for short fibers
Silages
109
Microminerals (Trace Minerals)
Minerals found in concentrations less than 100 ppm
110
Energy Deficiency
Wild and domestic animals go through alternating periods of energy surplus, adequacy and deficiency
111
Examples of proteinaceous silages
Alfalfa silage
Clover silage
112
Component of proximate analysis determined by extracting of a feed with ethyl ether or combination of organic solvents
Ether Extract (Crude Fat)
113
In order to get qualitative information about crude fat what test must be performed
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry
114
Fat
Fatty acids of varied lengths comined with a glycerol molecule
115
Grass commonly contaminated with Neotyphoidum coenophialum that produces ergot type alkaloids
Fescue
116
Lactose
Glucose + Galactose
117
Non grain part of crops
Low in energy, protein, minerals, vitamins
Little nutritional value
Add fiber to diets
Cheap alternative for feeding dry cows and older heifers
Straw
118
Gross energy is measured with
Calorimetric Bomb
119
Nutrition
Series of processes by which an animal takes in the assimilates feed components for promoting growth, milk, or fiber production and replacing worn or injured tissues
120
Determines protein function and properties
Amino Acid Sequence
121
Common signs of deficiency of essential fatty acids
Scaly skin, necrosis of tail, poor feathering
122
What happens if the amino acid required to synthesize a protein is not available?
Protein will not be synthesized
123
Dry Matter % =
DM% = (Dry Weight / Fresh Weight) x 100
124
Distillery and brewery products are high in what amino acids
Tryptophan
Lysine
125
Commonly found minerals in water
Chloride, Sodium, Calcium, Magnesium, Sulphates and Bicarbonates
126
Perennial Grass
High quality during cool season
12-16% protein
Ryegrass
127
Explain how silage becomes preserved
Plants continue to respire - consume oxygen and produce carbon dioxide
Temperature increases
Fermentation of sugars to organic acid (lactic acid) lowers pH
128
Saturated Fatty Acid
All bonds in the the carbon are taken by hydrogen
129
Nutrient that is required in the highest amount in animal diet
Energy
130
Herbage
Plant material not including seeds or roots - primarily used for wildlife
131
Polysaccharide
Multiple sugar molecules
132
Cool climate
Good CP in meal
Less lysine than soybean, more methionine
Toxic goitrogenic compounds
Canola
133
Browse
Woody plants, consumed by selective grazers/browsers
134
Legume commonly found in pastures
High in coumarin which is converted to dicoumarol (anti-vitamin K)
May cause bleeding problems - carcass damage from bruising
Sweet Clover
135
Effects of Gossypol
Toxic to heart, lung and reproductive system
Safer in ruminants
136
Calorie (cal)
Amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of one gram of water by one degree celsius
137
Most important source of energy
Carbohydrates
138
Monosaccharide
One sugar molecule
139
Examples of types of feed additives
Antibiotics
Arsenicals
Coccidiostats
Nitrofurans
Enzymes
Pigmenters
140
Proximate Analysis of Ether Extract provides (qualitative/quantitative) information
Quantitative
141
Percent of body weight that is considered water
75%
142
Warm season grasses
Bermudagrass
Switchgrass
143
Fats and oils are a dietary source of
Essential Fatty Acids
144
Species that is very good at using forbs
Goats
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Lesser extent sheep and cattle
145
Ingestion of contaminated fescue can cause what clinical signs in Mares?
Prolonged gestation
Weak foals
Abortion
Agalactia
146
Method of feed evaluation replacing Crude Fiber
Detergent Method
147
Summer Syndrome
Cattle
Increased body temperature, rapid breathing, decreased production
Due to ingestion of contaminated fescue
148
By product of the sugar industry
High energy, low protein
Increase the palatability of rations
Molasses
149
Sucrose
Glucose + Fructose
150
What in the nodules of legumes are able to transform atomospheric N into a form usable by the plant
Rhizobia
151
Most common analysis for feed samples
Proximate Analysis
152
Function of water soluble vitamins
Cofactors of enzymes
153
Water plays an essential role in
Digestion
Nutrient Transport
Waste Excretion
Temperature Regulation
154
Herbage that is able to convert atmospheric N into crude protein
Legumes
155
Most common mineral supplement added to diets
Salt (NaCl)
156
Produced for oil and seeds
Meal high in protein but deficient in lysine
High fiber content
Sunflower
157
Hay
Preserved by drying
Ideal is produce hay around midspring
20% or less moisture
158
Slaframine Toxicosis
"Salivary Syndrome"
d/t ingestion of Slaframine mycotoxin
Bloat, diarrhea, frequent urination
159
Oilseed meals commonly used in anima rations
Soybean
Peanut
Sunflower
Cottonseed
Flax
160
Average protein content in feedstuffs
16%
161
Function of fat soluble vitamins
Vision
Calcium absorption
Anti-oxidants
162
Outer covering of the grain seed
Removed when flour is made
More fiber and less energy than whole grain
Bran
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Grain By Product
163
Vitamin D
Sun cured forages, fish, liver oil and synthetic sources
164
Economic source for boosting protein levels in ruminant rations
46% Nitrogen
Bitter taste
Can be toxic in high quantities
Feed Grade Urea
165
Forbs
Broadleaf, non-woody plants
166
Fescue Foot
Gangrene
Cattle
Occurs in the winter
Due to ingestion of contaminated fescue
167
Acid Detergent Fiber (ADF)
Least digestible plant components, including cellulose and lignin
168
Most vitamins are stored in the
Liver
169
Grown for fiber
Contains Gossypol
Cotton
170
Protein supplements that may cause strange flavors to products and can be hazarous to health if not used properly
Animal By Products
