Nutrition - Chapter 6 Flashcards by Andrew Working

Proteios - meaning

Prime Importance

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There are two kinds of proteins -

working (enzymes, antibodies, transport vehicles, hormones, oxygen carriers) and structural (cores of bones/teeth, filaments of hair, tendons, fibers of muscle, materials of nails.

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Protein is the primary material of life. T/F?!

True!

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Complete protein -

animal, meat, dairy, etc.

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Proteins - def

the predominant structural and functional materials in every cell.

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Proteins contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and…..

nitrogen.

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Each amino acid contains…(3)

Acid group (COOH), Amine group (Nh2), side chain.

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All proteins consist of some combination of…

20 unique amino acids.

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There are ___ essential amino acids and this means that…

Nine/cannot be made by the body and must be taken in through food.

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There are ___ nonessential amino acids that ___

11/can be made by the body.

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Conditionally essential amino acids - def

under certain conditions, some nonessential amino acids cannot be made in body.

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Denaturation - def

the alteration (unfolding) of a protein’s shape, which changes the structure/function of the protein, like..cooking meat, eggs, etc.

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Dietary proteins are digested and absorbed …….

in stomach and small intestine.

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Stomach acids denature protein and activate….

pepsin.

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In the small intestine, ____ broken down into….

polypeptides/tripeptides, dipeptides, and amino acids.

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Amino acids come from…(3)

Diet/Breakdown of proteins in the body/limited supply is stored in amino acid pools

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Protein Turnover - def

process of continuous breakdown and synthesis of protein from its amino acids.

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Greater than ____ grams of protein turned over daily.

200 grams.

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Amino acids can be used to make…(2)

Body proteins & non protein substances.

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After amine groups removed in proteins, they are converted to….

urea.

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DNA instructs protein synthesis. T/F?

True!

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Gene - def

DNA segment that codes for specific proteins.

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Specialized ____ molecules carry out instructions for protein synthesis.

RNA

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Messenger RNA and Transfer RNA perform…

very specific roles during protein synthesis.

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Protein story is.....

circular!

Protein story - circular - steps? (6)

Person eats proteins, proteins broken down into Amino Acids, AA enter body cells where new proteins are formed in long chain sequences, Chains twist & fold & coil forming a new protein, proteins are broke apart & put together - billions reactions day by day, this repeats and life goes on!

Sickle-cell anemia - def

red blood cells with normal hemoglobin, like the three similar ones, are smooth and round. With SCA, they look like moons - low oxygen, etc.

Proteins provide ___ and ___ and help maintain body tissues.

structural/mechanical.

Collagen - def

a rope-like fibrous protein that is the most abundant protein in your body.

Connective tissue - def

the most abundant tissue type in the body; made up primarily of collagen, it supports and connects body parts as well as provides protection and insulation.

Proteins build __ and ___.

enzymes and hormones.

Proteins help maintain ____ balance.

acid-base.

Buffers - def

substances that help maintain the proper pH in a solution by attracting or donating hydrogen ions.

Proteins ___ substances throughout the body.

transport.

Transport proteins shuttle....

oxygen, waste products, lipids, some vitamins, and sodium and potassium through your blood and into and out of cells through cell membranes.

Proteins contribute to a healthy immune system. T/F?

True!

Proteins can/cannot provide energy.

Can!

Protein improves satiety and appetite control. T/F?

True!

Protein quality determined by two factors -

Digestibility/Amino Acid Profile.

complete protein - def

provides all essential amino acids; animal, soy, etc.

Incomplete protein - def

low in one or more of essential amino acids - plant.

Limiting Amino Acid - def

amino acid in shortest supply in incomplete protein.

Complemented proteins - def

incomplete proteins combined to create complete proteins.

Plant proteins "upgraded" to complete proteins by...

consuming modest amounts of soy or animal protein, or being complemented with other plant proteins which provide enough of the limiting amino acid.

Black beans and rice make a ...

complete protein!

Healthy adults should be in...

nitrogen balance.

High nitrogen is caused by.....

pregnancy, etc.

Low nitrogen - if you are...

sick.

Nitrogen balance - def

amount of protein consumed = amount of protein used.

Protein DRI -

10-35% of daily calories.

Convert your weight to KG's by taking...

your weight, in pounds, divided by 2.2.

.8 grams of protein of body weight needed daily. T/F?

True

Eating too much protein can....

increase risk of heart disease, kidney stones, and calcium loss from bones.

Low protein diets can cause....

loss of bone mass.

Protein Energy Malnutrition - def

inadequate calories and/or protein.

Kwashiorkor - def

severe deficiency of dietary protein.

Signs of Kwashiorkor -

edema, muscle loss, skin rashes, hair changes, water and electrolyte imbalances. *Kids with big tummy's.*

Marasmus - def

severe deficiency of calories. -

Signs of marasmus -

emaciation, lack of growth, loss of fat stores.

Marasmic Kwashiorkor - def

worst of both conditions.

Malnutrition - some info.

everyday, 17000 children around the world die because of limited access to food. 6 Million die annually. These children have PEM.

Medical Care and treatment for PEM - 3 steps.

1. Address life threatening issues such as dehydration, fluid and nutrition imbalances. 2. Restore depleted tissues by giving dense calories and high-quality protein. 3. Transition person to foods and introduce physical activity.

The only success way to cure PEM is to....

eradicate it.

Vegetarians cannot meet protein needs - T/F?

FALSE. They can! They just have to eat a variety of plant foods, etc.

Semivegetarians eat meat on...

occassion.

Lacto-ovo-vegetarians do not eat...

meat, fish, and poultry.

Lacto-vegetarians do not eat...

meat, fish, poultry, and eggs.

Ovo-vegetarians do not eat...

meat, fish, dairy, foods.

Vegans do not eat...

any animal foods, meat, fish, poultry, dairy foods, eggs.

What are some benefits of a vegetarian diet?

May reduce risk of heart disease, high blood pressure, type 2 diabetes, cancer, stroke, and obesity.

Risks of a vegetarian diet -

protein deficiencies of nutrients found in animal foods - like protein, iron, zinc, calcium, vitamin D, riboflavin, vitamins B12 and A, omega 3 fatty acids...

Benefits of Soy -

high quality protein source, low in saturated fat, contains isoflavones - a phytoestrogen (which may have anit-cancer functions, may relieve menopausal symptoms), lowers blood cholesterol levels, and may reduce risk of heart disease...

Nutrition - Chapter 6 Flashcards

(72 cards)