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ESA 1 - Metabolism > Nutrition, Diet, and Body Weight > Flashcards

Nutrition, Diet, and Body Weight Flashcards

(63 cards)

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1
Q

What is catabolism?

A

The breaking down of molecules to release energy and reducing power

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2
Q

What is anabolism?

A

The use of energy, reducing power, and raw materials to make molecules for growth and maintenance

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3
Q

Assuming moderate physical activitity, what is the daily energy expenditure of a 70kg adult male?

A

12,000kJ

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4
Q

Assuming moderate physical activitity, what is the daily energy expenditure of a 58kg adult female?

A

9,500kJ

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5
Q

What are the components of daily energy expenditure?

A
  • Basal metabolic rate
  • Energy required for voluntary physical exercise
  • Diet-induced thermogenesis

*

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6
Q

Define basal metabolic rate?

A

Energy used to support our basal metabolism

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7
Q

What is diet-induced thermogenesis?

A

Energy we require to process the food we eat

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8
Q

What are the essential components of the diet?

A
  • Fats
  • Proteins
  • Carbohydrates
  • Water
  • Fibre
  • Minerals and vitamins
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9
Q

Are fats essential as an energy source?

A

No

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10
Q

How does the energy yield from fats differ from carbohdyrates and proteins?

A

The energy yield of fats is 2.2 times greater

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11
Q

What are fats necessary for the absorption of?

A

Fat-soluble vitamins

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12
Q

What are the fat-soluble vitamins?

A

A, D, E, and K

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13
Q

Give two essential fatty acids

A
  • Linoleic acid
  • Linolenic acid
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14
Q

What is the importance of essential fatty acids?

A

They are structural components of cells membranes, and precusors of eicosanoids

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15
Q

What are eicosanoids?

A

Important regulatory molecules

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16
Q

What are amino acids the product of?

A

Digestion of proteins

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17
Q

What are amino acids used in?

A

The synthesis of essential N-containing compounds

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18
Q

Give 3 N-containing compounds

A
  • Creatine
  • Nucleotides
  • Haem
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19
Q

How much protein is degraded a day?

A

About 35g

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20
Q

How is protein excreted in urine?

A

As urea

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21
Q

What is nitrogen balance?

A

When N2 intake = N2 loss

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22
Q

What is the average daily protein requirement of an adult male to maintain nitrogen balance?

A

35g

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23
Q

What is meant by an essential amino acid?

A

One that cannot be synthesised in the body, and so must come from dietary protein

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24
Q

What is the importance of carbohydrates?

A

They are the major energy-containing component of the diet

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25
How much energy is provided by carbohydrates?
17kJ/g
26
What % of an adults body weight is water?
50-60%
27
What % of a childs body weight is water?
70%
28
What % of an elderly/obese peoples body weight is water?
50%
29
What is the average water loss per day?
2.5litres
30
How is water loss from the body?
* Urine * Expired air * Skin * Faeces
31
How much water is lost in the urine per day?
1,500ml
32
How much water is lost in expired air per day?
400ml
33
How much water is lost by the skin per day?
500ml
34
How much water is lost in faeces per day?
100ml
35
How is water gained in the body?
* Cellular metabolism * Drinking
36
How much water does cellular metabolism produce?
350ml
37
What is fibre?
Non-digestible plant material
38
What is fibre important for?
Normal bowel function
39
Give an example of a fibre
Cellulose
40
What are the types of vitamins and minerals?
* Water-soluble * Lipid-soluble
41
What is associated with the absence of minerals and vitamins?
Deficiency diseases
42
Why does starvation in adults lead to loss of weight?
Due to loss of subcutaneous fat and muscle wasting
43
What do adults who are starving complain of?
* Cold * Muscle weakness
44
Where are infections are common in starvation?
* Lungs * GI tract
45
What is marasmus?
Protein energy malnutrition
46
Who is marasmus most commonly seen in?
Children under the age of 5
47
What are the symptoms of marasmus?
* Appears emaciated, with no obvious signs of muscle wasting, but loss of body fat * Hair thin and dry * Diarrhoea * Anaemia
48
Is there oedema in marasmus?
No
49
Who does kwashiorkor typically occur in?
A young child displaced from breastfeeding by a new baby
50
What features of the diet will lead to kwashiorkor?
Some carbohydrate, but very low protein content
51
What are the symptoms of kwashiorkor?
* Apathy * Lethargy * Anorexia * Distended abdomen * Generalised oedema * Anaemia
52
What causes the distended abdomen in kwashiorkor?
* Hepatomegaly * Ascites
53
What is ascites?
Accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity
54
Why is there generalised oedema in kwashiorkor?
Due to low serum albumin
55
How is BMI calculated?
BMI = Weight (kg) / Height2 (m)
56
What BMI is considered to be underweight?
\<18.5
57
What BMI is considered to be in the desirable range?
18.5 - 24.9
58
What BMI is considered to be overweight?
25 - 29.9
59
What BMI is considered to be obese?
30 - 34.9
60
What BMI is considered to be severely obese?
\>35
61
What is meant by obesity?
When excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have an adverse effect on health
62
What adverse effects on health might obesity have?
* Reduced life expectancy * Increased health problems
63
What is body weight determined by?
The difference between the input of substances into the body, and the output of substances and energy from the body

ESA 1 - Metabolism (6 decks)

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