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GI Week 1 > Nutrition Energy > Flashcards

Nutrition Energy Flashcards

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1
Q

How do you calculate BMI?

A

Weight (kg) / Height^2 (cm)

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2
Q

How do you calculate BMI?

A

Weight (kg) / Height^2 (cm)

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3
Q

What BMI is underweight?

A
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4
Q

What BMI is overweight?

A

> 25

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5
Q

What BMI is underweight?

A
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6
Q

What BMI is overweight?

A

> 25

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7
Q

Ideally, the amount of energy we consume should match…

A

…our daily energy expenditure (DEE).

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8
Q

What are the components the Daily Energy Expenditure (DEE)?

A
  • Basal metabolism
  • Physical activity
  • Thermic effect of food
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9
Q

How is Basal metabolism expressed?

A

As the (1) Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) or the (2) closely related Resting Metabolic Rate (RMR)

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10
Q

What does basal metabolism include?

A

Energy needed to sustain cellular and organ function while at rest.

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11
Q

What does BMR represent?

A

Ratio of metabolically active tissue to metabolically inactive adipose.

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12
Q

Factors that affect BMR are:

A
  • Gender (males have a higher BMR)
  • Body temperature (fever increases BMR)
  • Environmental temperature (BMR increases with cold exposure)
  • Thyroid hormone (BMR is increased with Hyperthyroidism)
  • Reproduction (BMR is increased with pregnancy & lactation)
  • Age (BMR decreases with age)
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13
Q

What rate remains relatively stable?

A

Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)

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14
Q

What rate varies widely from person to person, and day to day?

A

The amount of energy dedicated to physical activity

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15
Q

How is the energy of physical activity often expressed?

A

As a ‘multiplier’ over the BMR.

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16
Q

What is the range of the multiplier of physical activity?

A

The multiplier ranges from 1.0 for supine rest to 7.0 for heavy exertion.

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17
Q

What is DIT or TEF?

A

DIT - diet induced thermogenesis
TEF - thermic effect of food
The energy required to digest, absorb, distribute and store nutrients is referred to as DIT or TEF.

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18
Q

What varies according to the composition of someone’s diet?

A

DIT

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19
Q

How much potential energy is dedicated to DIT in a typical western diet?

A

About 10%

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20
Q

What is often ignored?

A

DIT

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21
Q

Why can DIT be ignored?

A

Using the rough estimates of 9 kcals/g for fat, 4 kcals/g carbs, and 4 kcal/g protein slightly overstates their actual caloric value.

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22
Q

How is metabolism quantified?

A

BMR or RMR

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23
Q

What is Basal Metabolic Rate measured in?

A

kcal/day

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24
Q

What is RMR measured in?

A

kcal/unit of time

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25
RMR is similar to. . .
. . .BMR, but under less standardized conditions.
26
What is REE measured in?
Resting Energy Expenditure - kcal/day
27
What is REE composed of?
REE is BMR + DIT (DIT may be ignored, or may be estimated as 0.1 x BMR)
28
What is DEE measured in?
kcal/day
29
What is DEE?
REE plus energy expended in physical activity, wound repair, etc.
30
What is DEE for a healthy sedentary adult?
REE x 1.2
31
What is DEE for a healthy active adult?
REE x 1.4
32
What is DEE for an adult recovering from trauma?
REE x 1.6
33
What is usually "a wash"?
Thermoregulation. | -Sometimes we get energy from our environment and sometimes we have to use energy to maintain temperature.
34
What four components make up DEE?
- Basal metabolic rate - Thermic effect of food - Energy expenditure of exercise - Thermoregulation
35
What two components make up REE?
- Basal metabolic rate | - Thermic effect of food
36
What is the difference between BEE and BMR?
BEE is measured under stringent, standardized conditions. | BMR is slightly higher and accounts for upright posture, being non-fasted.
37
What are the three components of human energy expenditure?
- EEPA - TEF - BMR
38
What does TEF and EEPA stand for?
TEF - thermic effect of food | EEPA - Energy expenditure of physical activity
39
How is metabolism measured (gold standard)?
Direct calorimetry is gold standard.
40
How is metabolism measured (more practical)?
Indirect calorimetry
41
What does Indirect Calorimetry measure?
- Volume of inspired and expired air | - Concentrations of O2 and CO2 in the inspired and respired air
42
What is RQ (reparatory quotient)?
[Volume of CO2 exhaled]/[Volume of O2 inhaled]
43
How do you calculate Indirect Calorimetry?
RQ = Volume of CO2 exhaled/Volume of O2 inhaled
44
What material has the highest, mid range and lowest RQ?
``` Fat = lowest RQ Protein = between carb. and fat Carb = highest RQ ```
45
What is the least oxidized (most reduced) dietary fuel?
Fat
46
What does Fat require in terms of CO2 and O2?
Requires more O2 inhaled for each CO2 exhaled
47
What is the oxidation state between carbohydrate and fat?
Protein
48
What is the most oxidized (least reduced) dietary fueL?
Carbohydrate
49
What does carbohydrate require in terms of CO2 and O2?
Requires less O2 inhaled for each CO2 exhaled.
50
What is the RQ for complete oxidation of two molecules of tristearin?
2 C57H110O6 + 163 O2 --> 114 CO2 + 110 H2O | RQ = 114 CO2/163 O2 = 0.70
51
How many kcal does fat contain?
9 kcal/g
52
What is the RQ of the complete oxidation of one molecule of glucose?
C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O | RQ = 6 CO2/6O2 = 1.00
53
How many kcal do carbs contain?
4 kcal/g
54
What is the RQ of the oxidation of protein to carbon dioxide, water, sulfur dioxide and urea?
C72H112N18O22S + 77O2 --> 63 CO2 + 38 H2O + SO3 + 9 CO(NH2)2 RQ = 63 CO2/77 O2 = 0.818
55
How many kcal does protein contain?
4 kcal/g
56
What can RQ be used to measure?
Substrate utilization
57
How does RQ change with food type?
Fat
58
What states increases RQ?
Hyperventilation, Overfeeding, Acidosis
59
What states decrease RQ?
Hypoventilation, Underfeeding, Alkalosis, Ketosis, Ethanol
60
What is the RQ for utilizing a typical meal of fat, carb and protein?
0.85
61
What molecule is the least oxidized?
Stearate (fats) --> totally saturated 18C fatty acid
62
What if you want to account for protein when doing indirect calorimetry?
Collect urine
63
For every gram of nitrogen excreted. . .
. . .6L of O2 are consumed and 4.8 L of CO2 are produced. | --> This value can then be subtracted from inhaled and exhaled volumes.
64
28 yr old research subject. 77 kg, 173 cm tall. In fasted state, consumed 15.7 L of oxygen per hour and expired 12.0 L of carbon dioxide. What is his basal metabolic rate (BMR)?
RQ = 12/15.7 = 0.7643 Consult table. Multiply: LO2/hr*24hours*kcal/L or LCO2/hr*24hours*kcal/L. About 1800 kcal/day.
65
What is equivalent to the caloric requirement of our major organs and resting muscle?
Basal metabolic rate (BMR)
66
What dietary therapy is most helpful?
Decreased intake of total calories.
67
At non-protein RQs above 0.85, the primary fuel of respiration is:
Carbohydrates
68
When a person is using fat for the majority of his energy his RQ will be lower than if he were using mostly carbohydrates. This is because fat is more...
...Reduced
69
If a woman ate on Monday and then did not eat for three days, what would happen to her RQ by Thursday?
It would decrease.

GI Week 1 (14 decks)

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