Redox Cofactor Chart Flashcards by Kayla Schenheit

What types of reactions is TPP (prosthetic) associated with?

Decarboxylation reactions

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What is an example of enzyme and significance of pathway for TPP?

Pyruvate – to acetate and CO2, pyruvate dehydrogenase (E1 subunit)

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What is the Vitamin precursor for TPP?

Thiamine (Vitamin B12)

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What is the source of TPP in the diet?

Meat, legumes, whole grains, cereal

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What pathologies are associated with TPP/thiamine deficiency?

Beriberi, Wernicke encephalopathy, Karsokoff psychosis

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What is an inherited mutation related to thiamine?

Thiamine responsive megaloblastic anemia = inherited mutation

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What types of reactions is Lipase (prosthetic) associated with?

Acetyl transfer reactions

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What is an example of enzyme and significance of pathway for Lipoate?

E2 subunit of pyruvate dehydrogenase

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What is the vitamin precusor for Lipoate?

No specific

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What is the source of Lipoate in the diet?

Can make from simple things in diet

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What pathologies are associated with lipoate deficiency?

N/A

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What is interesting about lipoate and lysine?

Lipoate forms covalent bonds with lysine

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What types of reactions is PLP involved in?

Enzymes that metabolize amino acids

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What is an example of an enzyme and significance of pathway that PLP is involved in?

Converts tryptophan to niacin. Transaminases.

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What is the vitamin precursor for PLP?

Vitamin B6

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What is the source of PLP in the diet?

Fortified cereal, meat, banana, rice

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What pathologies are associated with PLP/Vitamin B6 deficiency?

Infants = seizures, diarrhea, anemia, EEG abnormality. 
Adults = peripheral neuropathy

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What pathology is associated with PLP/Vitamin B6 overdose?

Sensory neuropathy, ataxia

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What is an odd fact about PLP?

There is a pyridoxine dependent epilepsy

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What types of reactions is Biotin involved in?

Carboxylation

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What is an example of enzyme and significance of pathway?

Acetyl CoA car, pyruvate car, proionyl CoA car, methylcrotinyl CoA car

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What is the vitamin precursor of Biotin?

Vitamin B7 - Covalently bound to protein in the diet

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What is the source of biotin in the diet?

Widespread

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What pathologies are associated with Biotin deficiency?

Scaly dermatitis, thinning hair, alopecia

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What can make Biotin indigestible?

Protein in egg whites makes it indigestible (avidin)

What types of reactions is Cobalamin associated with?

Transfers/rearrangements of methyl groups

What are examples of enzymes and significance of pathway associated with Cobalamin?

Methionine synthase, methylmalonyl CoA mutase

What is the Vitamin precursor for Cobalamin?

Vitmin B12, only produced by bacteria

What is the source of Cobalamin in the diet?

Meta, milk, animal derived products

What pathologies are associated with Cobalamin deficiency?

Pernicious anemia, macrocytic anemia, weakness, fatigue, failure to thrive, sensory defects

What are two forms of Cobalamin?

Methylcobalamin, adenosylcobalamin

What types of reactions is Coenzyme A (prosthetic) involved in?

Acetyl transfer reactions

What enzyme and significance pathway is Coenzyme A involved in?

Pyruvate dehydrogenase, final acceptor of acetate group

What is the Vitamin precursor of Coenzyme A?

Pantothenic acid (Vitamin B5)

What is the source of Coenzyme A in the diet?

Widespread

What pathologies are associated with Coenzyme A deficiency?

N/A

What is CoASH? Where does it come into play?

Reduced form of Coenzyme A, Right before TCA cycle.

What types of reactions is NAD+ involved in?

Fuel oxidation

What enzymes and significance of pathway is NAD+ involved in?

Lactate dehydrogenase, Pyruvate to Lactate

What is the Vitamin precursor of NAD+?

Niacin (Vitamin B3)

What is the dietary source of NAD+?

Meat, grains, cereal, or made from tryptophan

What pathologies are associated with NAD+ deficiency?

Pellagra = dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia

How many electrons does NAD+ accept?

Accepts 2 e- in one transfer

What types of reactions are associated with NADP+ (transient)?

Detoxification, Biosynthesis

What is an enzyme and significance of pathway for NADP+?

Detoxification: cytochrome p450 Biosynthesis: cholesterol HMG-CoA reductase

What is the Vitamin precursor for NADP+?

Niacin

What is the source in the diet for NADP+?

Meat, grains, cereal, or made from tryptophan

What pathologies are associated with NADP+ deficiency?

Pellagra = dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia

What is the significance of P in NADP+?

P is important, acts as a molecular handle

What types of reactions is FAD (prosthetic) involved in?

Creating/breaking double/disulfide bonds

What is an example of an enzyme and significance of pathway with FAD involved?

Succinate dehydrogenase, TCA cycle

What is the vitamin precursor of FAD?

Riboflavin, Vitamin B12

What is the dietary source of FAD?

Milk, eggs, organ meats, legumes, mushrooms

What pathologies are associated with FAD deficiency?

(Riboflavin, VB12) Chilosis, glossitis, normocytic anemia, keratitis, seborrheic dermatitis

How many electrons does FAD accept?

Accepts single e- at two places

What types of reactions is FMN (prosthetic) involved in?

Creating/breaking double/disulfide bonds

What is an enzyme and significance pathway associated with FMN?

NADH dehydrogenase

What is the vitamin precursor for FMN?

Riboflavin, Vitamin B12

What is the source in the diet for FMN?

Milk, eggs, organ meats, legumes, mushrooms

What pathologies are associated with FMN deficiency?

Chilosis, glossitis, normocytic anemia, keratitis, seborrheic dermatitis

How many electrons does FMN accept?

Accept single e- at two places

What types of reactions is Ascorbic acid involved in?

Collagen synthesis, neurotransmitter synthesis, O2 sensing, non-enzymatic antioxidant

What is an example of enzyme and significance pathway that Ascorbic acid is involved in?

Proline and lysine hydroxylases becoming cross linking of collagen peptides to form fibers (in ER)

What is the vitamin precursor of Ascorbic acid?

Vitamin C - Not modified! Used as is

What is the source of Ascorbic acid in the diet?

Citrus, veggies, heat labile

What pathologies are associated with ascorbic acid deficiency?

Scruvy, slow wound healing, anemia, irritability/apathy, gingival lesions, petechiae, costochrondral junction enlargement.

How many electrons can Vitamin C accept?

Take single e- in two steps

What types of reactions are Metals involved in?

e- conducting cofactors

What is an example of enzyme and significance of pathway for Metals?

NADH dehydrogenase (Fe-S clusters)

What is the vitamin precursor for metals?

Fe, Cu, etc.

What must metals have?

Must have two stable oxidation states