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From Flashcardlet > Nutrition- Exam #1 > Flashcards

Nutrition- Exam #1 Flashcards

0
Q

Hamwi Method?

A

Women: first 5 feet=100 lbs. every inch after gets 5 lbs.
Men: first 5 feet=106 lbs. every inch after gets 6 lbs.

Small frame subtract 10%
Medium frame stays same
Large frame add 10%

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1
Q

The ABCD’S of nutrition assessment?

A

Anthropometric data
Biochemical Data
Clinical examinations
Dietary data

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2
Q

BMI

A

Serves as an indicator for health: normal is 18.5-24.9

Weight / height (inches)^2 x 703
Also make frame size adjustments

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3
Q

Infertility?

A

When pregnancy doesn’t happen after 12 months of unprotected sex

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4
Q

Sub fertility?

A

When it takes a lot longer than expected to get prego

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5
Q

What are the childbearing years?

A

Ages 16-40

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6
Q

Miscarriage?

A

Loss of fetus in first 20 weeks of pregnancy

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7
Q

How are miscarriages caused?

A
  • egg may not be good enough
  • structural issues or infection
  • hormones or unknown events
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8
Q

When are you considered high risk for circumference?

A

Female>35
Male>40
- tape measure goes around bare abdomen

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9
Q

What is biomechanical analysis?

A

Measure nutrients metabolites and other stuff from body samples such as urine, feces, tissue, body fluid

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10
Q

Krohns disease?

A

Inflammation of gi tract. Messes with nutrient absorption

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11
Q

REVIEW LABS AND ESPECIALLY ANALYSIS METHODS!!

A

.

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12
Q

What happens with early adolescent pregnancy?

A

Increased infant mortality
Preterm(before 32 weeks)
<1500 grams

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13
Q

What happens with older women and pregnancy?

A 
Increased risk of:
Preeclampsia: really high blood pressure, protein loss
Gestational diabetes
C- section 
Birth defects
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14
Q

Good indicator of strong baby?

A

Weight

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15
Q

Most critical time for fetal development?

A

Between 15-28 days. Neural tube is being formed!

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16
Q

Optimal nutrition before pregnancy helps fertility and also helps to make a robust baby. There are no true mineral storages in the body!

A

.

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17
Q

How does over nutrition affect fertility?

A
  1. Alters environment of eggs and sperm

2. Modifying hormone levels

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18
Q

Info on folic acid:

A
  1. Better from supplement than food
  2. If taken with b12 you can never get a toxicity
  3. Prior consumption helps with fertility
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19
Q

Things from our diet that may cause infertility?

A

Carbs: can spike sugar levels
Caffeine: can reduce eggs ability to implant an delays conception time.
Dairy products: high fat is better than low fat because fat carries vit. D
Trans fat: increases inflammation=free radicals
Protein: infertility associated with animal protein
Fiber: > 22 g. Messes with hormones
Alcohol: heavy drinking messes with menstrual cycle

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20
Q

How should fiber be taken?

A
  • good to take frequently I low amounts. Too much affects absorption if nutrients
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21
Q

Non dietary forms that affect infertility?

A
  1. Exercise: too much messes with cycle and produces free radicals
  2. Under or over weight
  3. Eating under calories causes problems for baby in and out of womb
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22
Q

Order of nutrient placement:

A

Mother-placenta-baby

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23
Q

Negatives of under nutrition:

A
  1. Weight loss over 10-15% of usual weight decreases estrogen/ 25% for males
  2. Chronic under nutrition: frail infants with likelihood of dying in first year
  3. Acute under nutrition: dramatic decline in nutrition that is reversed with food intake
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24
Q

What is the only natural sources of vit. D?

A

Fatty fish and mushrooms

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25
Q

What is bad about body fat?

A
  1. High amounts cause infertility
  2. It alters hormone concentrations which messes with fertility
  3. If fat cells get too big they form free radicals and hormones negatively affected
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26
Q

Examples of hormones affected by too much stomach fat?

A
  1. Estrogen and testosterone
  2. Leptin: chemical that makes you feel full
  3. Insulin:
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27
Q

What type of fat is bad?

A

Visceral. Subcutaneous is good.

28
Q

What does obesity increase?

A
  1. Inflammation
  2. Oxidative stress (free radicals)
  3. Irregular menstrual cycles
29
Q

What happens to fertility in overweight males?

A

Testosterone may be converted to estrogen decreasing testicular function

30
Q

What factors contribute to infertility in males?

A
  1. Oxidative stress ( when antioxidant levels below free redial levels)
  2. Antioxidant status
  3. Metabolic syndrome( disorder of energy utilization and storage)
  4. > 40 years
  5. Over nutrition
  6. Vit. D status
  7. Heavy metal exposure like mercury from fish.
31
Q

What is oxidative stress?

A

When destructive reactive oxygen molecules/ free radicals exceed the antioxidant levels in body. Can damage sperm cells and affect implantation on women.

32
Q

What are some Antioxidants?

A
  1. Vit. C
  2. Carotenoids: orange veggies, broccoli, spinach
  3. Zinc: 5 mg. or less associated with decreased semen
  4. Selenium: found in Brazil nuts
  5. All plant foods!!
33
Q

Sources of zinc?

A

Legumes, shellfish, red meat, nuts

34
Q

Additional factors outside of diet that contribute to infertility in males?

A
  1. Smoking: childhood cancers come from smoking parents
  2. Isoflavones: soy products
  3. Under nutrition
35
Q

Theories of type 2 diabetes?

A
  1. Insulin receptor damaged

2. No many protein channels are open… Maybe 2/5

36
Q

High blood glucose levels in first two months of pregnancy are teratogenic meaning harms the fetus.

A

.

37
Q

Possible treatment of diabetes?

A
  1. Weight loss
  2. Percentage of calories from nutrients:
    - 15-20% protein
    - < 7% saturated fat
    - low trans fats
    - 200 mg. of cholesterol or lower
  3. Carbohydrates
    - high fiber
    - whole grains
38
Q

Poly cystic ovary syndrome?

A
  1. Leading cause of infertility on women

- usually linked to obese women

39
Q

Number one goal for treatment of diabetes?

A
  1. Increase insulin sensitivity
40
Q

How to increase insulin sensitivity?

A
  1. Increase soluble fiber intake
  2. Space out meals and carbs
  3. Exercise
  4. Medication
  5. Weightless
  6. Omega 3’s: EPA, DHA(fatty acids)
  7. Whole grains, fruits, carbs
41
Q

What 3 nutrients help with PMS.

A
  1. Calcium
  2. Vit. B6
  3. Chasteberry
42
Q

Calciums affect on PMS and amount?

A

Supplements of. 1200 mg. per day for three cycles found to reduce symptoms.

43
Q

Affect of vit. B6 on PMS.

A

MORE IS NOT BETTER!

- range of 50-100 mg. per day. No more!

44
Q

Affect of chaste berry on PMS?

A

20 mg. tablet proven to help with symptoms. May not be safe for pregnant women or those thinking about getting pregnant.

45
Q

What is the periconceptional period?

A

The time around conception. This is the time one the fetus is growing from one cell to millions. Nutrition and other exposures affect the future of fetus and growth.

46
Q

What is Epigenetics and what diseases does it cause?

A

Genes that don’t get expressed but have same sequence.

  1. Cancer
  2. Cvd(cardiovascular disease)
  3. Diabetes
  4. Schizo
  5. Prader-Willi syndrome: don’t get signal that your full
47
Q

Nulligravida?

A

Woman that has not been pregnant before

48
Q

Primigravida?

A

Woman that has had 1 pregnancy

49
Q

Multigravida?

A

Woman that has multiple pregnancies

50
Q

Postpartum?

A

After childbirth

51
Q

Parity?

A

of previous births experienced by a woman

  1. Nullipara=0
  2. Primipara=1
  3. Multiparous=many
52
Q

Good sources of folate?

A
  1. Legumes
  2. Leafy greens
  3. Fortified orange juice
  4. Liver ( only sig. Meat source)
  5. Cereals
53
Q

Prenatal?

A

Before birth

54
Q

Neonatal?

A

First 4 weeks after birth

55
Q

Postnatal?

A

After birth

56
Q

Gestation?

A

Period from conception to birth. 38-42 weeks long

57
Q

Gestational age terms?

A

Term baby: 38-42 weeks
Preterm: before that
Post term: after

58
Q

Purpose of placenta?

A

Offer protection from mothers immune system.

  • hormone and enzyme production
  • nutrient and gas exchange
  • removal of fetal wasted products
59
Q

What is the recommended weight gain for a normal BMI?

A

25-35 lbs.

60
Q

Early plasma volume changes are main reason for early sickness in pregnant women.

A

.

61
Q

Mercury foods to avoid?

A 
Shark
Swordfish
Tilefish
King mackerel
Albacore tuna
Wall eye
Pickerel
Bass
62
Q

How much tuna can a prego woman consume?

A

No more than 6 oz. per week

63
Q

How much other fish can you have per week?

A

No more than 12 oz. per week.

64
Q

Foods to avoid with listeria monocytogenes?

A

Raw oysters
Raw fish
Unpasteurized milk
Raw meAt

65
Q

What are some well tolerated foods?

A 
Hard boiled eggs 
Popcorn
Yogurt
Crackers
High carb foods
B6 and 12 supplements 
Ginger in doses of 1 g/day for 4 days
66
Q

What percentage if women get pica?

A

8-65%

67
Q

What deficiencies lead to pica?

A

Iron and zinc

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