Nutrition Exam 3 Flashcards
(77 cards)
1
Q
How many meals do cats eat
A
10-20 in a full day
2
Q
Queens during pregnancy
A
- keep at ideal BCS
- during pregnancy bw increases linearly
- E requirement increases, peaks at 6-7 wks
3
Q
Queens & lactation
A
- kittens need to nurse within 6-8 hrs
- Mom has an increased requirement for protein (taurine), fats & fatty acids, calcium, phosphorus
4
Q
Cat nutrition
A
- obligate carnivores (high prot, fat diet)
- can digest/metabolize some carbs
- fiber
- vegan/veggie diets not great
5
Q
RER
Resting E requirement
A
(BWkg to the 0.75) x 70
or
(BWkg x 30) + 70
6
Q
MER
Maintenance E requirement
A
K x RER
7
Q
why is cow/goat milk not a good milk replacer for kittens?
A
inadequate - too low fat, low protein
commerical replacer is better
8
Q
When do you introduce solid foods for kittens?
A
3-4 wks
9
Q
when do you wean kittens?
A
6-8 wks
E requirement 2-5 RER
10
Q
How does RER change for mom during gestation/lactation
A
maintenance –> 2 at gestation peak –> 2-6 RER at peak lactation (6-8 wks after parturition)
11
Q
Peak kitten RER
A
~10 wks (2-5 RER)
then declines to adult levels around 10 months
12
Q
Cats & carbs
A
- low CHO enzymes (amylase)
- low adaptability of glucose transporter activity
- low glucokinase, limited capacity hexokinase no fructonase
= decreased ability to metabolize glucose, need higher prot/fat diet than dogs
13
Q
Excess glucose in cats causes
A
galactosemia
galctosuria
debated blame over CHO causing cancer, diabetes in cats
14
Q
Cats & protein
A
High protein requirement because high nitrogen & AA requirement (can’t synthesize 11 AA’s by the body)
15
Q
What is the AA dogs can synthesize and cats can’t?
A
Taurine
16
Q
Acute essential AA deficiency in cats
A
growth impairment
reduced food intake
17
Q
Arginine deletion from a single meal in cats causes what?
A
Hyperammonaemia
- arginine required for urea cycle
- no urea cycle = excess ammonia in blood
- cat can only minimally synth arginine in body
- Citrullin supplement can help decrease severity
- can = death
18
Q
Taurine deficiency in cats causes what?
A
- Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) - contractility failure due to abnormal Ca ion balance
(Taurine is antioxidant, deficiency = increased oxidative damage) - Mydriasis, no PLR, blindness
(Taurine lack = irregular) ionic flux in retina photoreceptors)
19
Q
Taurine
A
- conditionally essential in dogs
- used in dogs and cats over glycine, most mammals use either
- conjugated to bile acids
20
Q
Cat’s possess the enzymatic pathway to form taurine, what is the problem?
A
Low activity of Cysteine dioxygenase & Cysteinesulphonic acid decarboxylase in the pwathway
= low endogenous taurine production and taurine lost in bile
21
Q
How to recover taurine from bile in cats?
A
high amounts of indigestible protein to promote gut flora to degrade protein
Taurine in diet depends on processing (e.g. canned diets require double taurine)
22
Q
Cats and vitamin A
A
- can’t use carotenoids to make Vit A or have necessary enzymes to cleave beta carotene
- less sensitive to vit A toxicity
23
Q
Vitamin A toxicity in cats
A
- reported if fed tons of beef liver
- skeletal malformation
- fetal malformation
- liver & kidney failure
- spontaneous bleeding
24
Q
Dogs & carbs
A
- glucose & energy source
25
What breed has a true gluten sensitivity?
Irish setters
(very rare, genetic)
vomiting, weight loss, diarrhea, panhypoproteinemia
26
Fiber
- Carbohydrate type with limited digestiblity
| - maintains functional integrity of GI
27
Classifications of fiber
Soluble vs. insoluble
| Fermentable vs. nonfermentable
28
more highly Fermentable fiber
shorter GI transit time
decreased fecal bulk
increased bile acid excretion
too much = gas, diarrhea, cramping
29
non-fermentable fiber
not metabolized by bacteria
| adds bulk to feces
30
Benefits of fiber
prebiotic (e.g. psyllium)
- beneficial bacteria can ferment to make short chain FA's (inhibit bad bacterial growth)
- stimulate growth of good bacteria
- normal fecal consistency promoted
- reduces flatulence and fecal odor
31
Protein in dogs
- synthesize and repair tissue
| - energy metabolism
32
Protein malnutrition in dogs
affects muscles, organ function, immune function
33
Protein mal-digestion in dogs
unabsorbed/digested proteins (less bioavailable) metabolized in colon
- produce gas
- allergen source
recommend diets with >87% protein digestibility
34
Maintenance % of fat in dog diet
30%
| 50% for sport dogs
35
Malabsorption of fat in dogs
- fat/bile acids not absorbed = hydroxylated and enter colon
- get irritation of colon, secretory diarrhea
- dog with GI disease - recommend low fat diet
- fat content change doesn't seem to affect cats
36
Vit D in dogs
- received in diet in dogs and cats (not skin)
| - increases Ca, P, immune function, genomic expression
37
Vit D deficiency in dogs
Rickets
Osteomalacia
Nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism
38
Excess vit D in dogs
Hypercalcemia
Bone resorption
Soft tissue calcification
Can also cause vomiting, loss of appetite, increased thirst, increased urination, excessive drooling, weight loss
39
Water-soluble vitamins
Cobalamin
| folate
40
Cobalamin
- produced by bacteria
- energy metab, methylation reactions
- deficiency = anemia, GI signs (dimentia in humans)
41
Folate
- animal/plant sources
- energy metab, methylation reactions, nucleotide biosynth
- deficiency = megaloblastic anemia, maybe increased homocysteine
42
Forming a diet plan in dogs
- diet history
- physical exam
- medical conditions
- calculate RER
- determine diet plan (type, amount, treats, etc)
- follow up every 2 wks if possible
43
Treats should be how much of total daily diet?
<10%
44
Ways to approach diet changes
- 20% less of current intake
- calculate RER & MER using current weight
- or calculate using ideal weight (more aggressive, needs more guidance)
45
Average weekly weight loss goal
.5-2% of body weight per week
46
NRC minimum protein requirements at 80% of RER for ideal body weight
cat: 89g/1000 kcal
dog: 60g/1000 kcal
47
NRC minimum protein requirements at 60% of RER for ideal body weight
cat: 104g/1000 kcal
dog: 79g/1000 kcal
48
Ferrets
- short GI
- carnivores
- small meals + hide snacks
49
Ferret diet parts
- low carb, low fiber
- protein 30-40%
- high fat 15-30%
- best option: kibble + canned diet supplement
- meat based treats only
50
Rabbits, Guinea pigs, Chinchillas
- hind gut fermenters
- long GI
- High fiber, low nutrient, poorly digestible diet
- unique calcium metabolism (calcium carbonate crystals in urine usually fine)
51
Inappropriate diet for Rabbits, Guinea pigs, Chinchillas
```
Dental malocclusion
Obesity
Dysbiosis
Enteritis
Decreased GI motility/GI stasis
```
52
Rabbits, Guinea pigs, Chinchillas diet parts
90% hay
small amount of pellets
leafy greens as enrichment
no fruits/grains/seeds/treats
53
Guinea pig special needs
require dietary vit C source
| combo of pellets, vegetables (bell pepper)
54
Chinchilla special needs
small amount of alfalfa (hay or pellets) for greater nutrient needs
55
Rats & mice
omnivorous
rodent block
produce for treats
56
Hamsters & gerbils
foregut fermenters
herbivores leaning toward omnivorous
desert animal still needs water
produce for treats
57
Hedgehogs
insectivores
Hedgehog specific diet (prot, fat requirements) + supplement with insects
tiny produce pieces as treats
58
Sugar gliders
```
simple SI + cecum
spring/summer - insectivorous
winter - gum, sap, sugar, sap-sucking insects
pelleted diet (75%) + nectar
limited fruits and veggies
insects as treats
nocturnal
```
59
Psittacines
```
pellets best (60-70%), seeds bad
veggies 20% (high Ca, vit A)
fruits 5-10%
nuts 5%
need insoluble grit/gravel
foraging = enrichment
```
60
Insectivore reptiles
live insects
pelleted insectivore diet
gut loading (cricket chow)
calcium
61
Herbivore reptiles
```
dark leafy greens
some other greens, veggies
fruit as treats
can do pelleted diet
+/- hay/fiber
```
62
anurians
generally carnivorous
lack of variety of insects in captive settings
Invertebrates = inverse Ca: P ratio
63
fish
higher protein, lower carb
med % fats
slight fiber (5%)
sick fish = gel food
64
Bitch during gestation
15-20% wt gain before whelping
Increase food at 40 days to be 1.25% MER by whelping
feed to BCS 5
gravid uterus can be problematic - smaller frequent meals (high E, high prot)
65
Bitch during lactation
Requirement depends on milk production
Milk higher in fat/prot than dairy cow so mom needs high energy high prot diet
feed to BCS 4-5
water
66
Antibody transfer is greater in
colostrum (vs. placenta)
67
50% of weight gain in puppies first two weeks is
fat accumulation - thermoregulation
| costly for mom
68
Birth to 3 wks old
Puppies – protein requirement decreases, E requirement increases
Kittens – protein requirement increases, E requirement decreases
69
How to tube feed milk replacer
```
stiffer french catheter
measure nose to last rib & mark
warm milk replacer, prime tube
feed over 2 mins (slowly) to prevent regurge
6-8x per day (4 min)
stim urinating, deficating afterwards
```
70
Hypoglycemia, Hypothermia, Dehydration Syndrome in puppies
- first 3 days up to 1 week
- decreased milk intake, low environment temp
- high MR, small E reserves, low gluconeogenic capacity
= diarrhea
71
Hypoglycemia, Hypothermia, Dehydration Syndrome clinical signs
Initially – vocalizing, active
With time – sluggish, cool (below 94 F), poor skin turgor (= dehydrated)
Often rejected by Mom
72
Hypoglycemia, Hypothermia, Dehydration Syndrome treatment
1. increase core temp slowly to 94-98 (otherwise distended abdomens)
2. then correct low blood glu (increase MR) by stomach tube
3. correct dehydration
73
weaning puppies
- soft food @ 3 wks
| - completely weaned at 6-7 wks
74
why wean early
- body is ready
- restore milk-deficient nutrients (zinc, copper)
- reduce burden on mom
75
how to not trigger mastitis in mom during complete weaning
6-8 wk old pups
decrease mom's food by 50%, don't limit water
separate pups during day, return at night 1-3 days
separate entirely
76
large breed dog concern during post weaning growth
metabolic bone disease
developmental orthopedic disease
Grow slower - no more than 3.5-4 lbs/wk
77
rules of thumb for E intake during growth phase
- 2x MER for weaning to ½ adult bw
- 1.5x MER for ½ - ¾ adult bw
- 1.2 – 1 MER for ¾ to 1.0 adult bw
- Often total food intake plateaus at 4-5 months
