Nutrition Exam 4 Flashcards
(64 cards)
1
Q
Options if dog is allergic to current diet
A
- novel protein
- hydrolyzed protein diet
2
Q
Cutaneous adverse food reaction (CAFR)
A
- dogs, cats, horses
- usually immune-mediated or a hypersensitivity (often type I)
- can be idiosyncratic
3
Q
Signs of CAFR
A
- Pruritis (TOP ONE)
- otitis
- secondary infections
- +/- GI change, hives
4
Q
What are most food allergies in response to?
A
Glycoproteins
no specific culprit like corn
5
Q
Breeds genetically predisposed to IgE production
A
Beagles
Boxers
Cocker spaniels
West Highland Welsh Terrier
6
Q
Diagnose CAFR
A
- rule out other infections, infestations
- Conduct an elimination diet for longer than 8 weeks, up to 12
- serum food allergy testing (lots of false positives)
7
Q
Novel protein elimination diet
A
- commercial or home-cooked (not OTC - cross contamination concern)
- eliminate carbs first, proteins, then replace with a very novel thing - something unlikely to be allergic to
- cross-reactivity concern
8
Q
Known cross-reactivities
A
- chicken & duck
- beef & venison
- beef & bison
9
Q
Hydrolyzed diets
A
- reduced protein size discourages IgE cross linking to Mast Cells
- currently prescription diet only
- some animals will still have a CAFR flare on these diets
10
Q
Ultamino
A
- Royal Canin diet
- super hydrolyzed to eliminate epitopes
11
Q
Top choice for an elimination diet
A
Novel protein or ultamino
12
Q
Is an elimination diet curative?
A
no- it’s a diagnostic
should see reduction in pruritis in 8 weeks
to confirm, dietary rechallenge - look for CAFR flare within 2 weeks
13
Q
Zinc responsive dermatosis syndrome 1
A
- malabsorption
- hereditary
- Huskies and malamutes, goats
- young animal getting sufficient zinc but responding to it = deficiency
- diagnose/treat with zn supplement
14
Q
Signs of Zinc responsive dermatosis syndrome 1
A
erythema alopecia crust hyperkeratosis secondary infection BUT not very itchy
15
Q
Zinc responsive dermatosis syndrome 2
A
- dietary imbalance of zinc
- large breed growing puppies
- excessive Ca, Cu, Fe, etc inhibit Zn absorption
- treat with diet change +/- zinc
16
Q
Signs of Zinc responsive dermatosis syndrome 2
A
Histo shows parakeratotic hyperkeratosis
17
Q
Hypovitaminosis A
A
- affects epithelial cell proliferation
- see squamous metaplasia
- common in birds, reptiles
- treat with supplemental vitamin A
18
Q
Signs of Hypovitaminosis A
A
Hyperkeratosis Blepharitis Seborrhea (greasy or dry scaly skin) Rhinitis, oral plaques on birds Conjunctivitis, aural abscesses on reptiles
19
Q
Who gets vitamin C deficiency
A
Humans, Guinea pigs
See Seborrhea, poor coat, ecchymoses, hematomas
20
Q
Essential Fatty acid supplements
A
omega 6 - improve skin moisture
omega 3 - reduce inflammation and itch
21
Q
Crypt vs. villi
A
- crypt - secretion, young enterocytes, stem cells, paneth cells
- villi - absorption, enterocytes, goblet cells, endocrine, blood/lymph supply
22
Q
exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI)
A
weight loss but normal appetite
diarrhea
polyphagia (eating but not absorbing)
Treat with pancreatic enzyme supp
23
Q
Exocrine pancreatic secretions
A
bicarbonate (epithelial cells)
digestive enzymes (zymogens) (acinar cells)
proteolytic enzymes
24
Q
Proteolytic enzymes
A
Trypsin, chymotrypsin (proteins) Amylase (carbohydrates) Lipase (fats) Cholesteral esterase Phospholipase
25
What does metaclopramide do?
- pro-GI tract motility
| - Moves everything to the colon, but doesn't do colon motility
26
At water factors
Protein: 4 kcal/g
Fat: 9 kcal/g
Carbohydrate 4kcal/g
27
Modified at water factors
accounts for limited digestibility of commerical pet food
Protein: 3.5 kcal/g
Fat: 8.5 kcal/g
Carbohydrate 3.5 kcal/g
28
95% rule
- 95% of the product by weight is the named ingredient
- products with few ingredients
- e.g. beef for dogs
29
25% rule
If named ingredients comprise between 25% and 95% of the product, the name must include a qualifying term
e.g. "Beef stew", "chicken dinner"
30
3% or "with" rule
named ingredient is required to make up at least 3% of the product
e.g. "made with real beef"
31
flavor rule
- no specific percent is required, but product must contain an amount sufficient to be able to be detected
- e.g. fish flavor doesn't mean fish is in it
32
Life stages
adult maintenance
growth
gestation/lactation
all life stages
33
Guaranteed analysis
Min for crude protein, fat
| Max for fiber, moisture, ash
34
total dietary fiber
includes both soluble and insoluble fiber
| crude fiber is a portion of insoluble fiber
35
dietary management for liver disease
- High E density
- small meals frequently
- High quality, highly digestible protein that's low in copper (beef, cheese, eggs)
- Protein >20% of dietary calories
- moderate amounts of fiber, preferable soluble
36
What liver disease would you restrict protein?
hepatic encephalopathy
37
How do you modify vitamins and minerals for liver disease
increase vit B, E
Moderately restrict sodium (lessen ascites)
adequate potassium
restrict copper (lessens accumulation)
38
How do you modify antioxidants for liver disease
increase zinc, vit E & C, taurine
39
Signs of hepatic encephalopathy
head pressing after a meal
seizures
blindness
40
Azotemia
high levels of nitrogen-containing compounds
| BUN urea and/or creatinine
41
Azotemia classifications
- pre renal (dehydrated), renal, post renal (obstruction, hyperkalemic)
- acute (large kidneys, pain) vs. chronic (small kidneys, anemia)
- urine production (anuria none, oliguria less, polyuria excess)
42
treat renal failure
- keep them eating with slow progression
- may need potassium supplement
- phosphate binders if diet fails to control renal failure
43
renal failure diets
- BUN control (can't excrete proteins, go low protein)
- Acidosis control (can't urinate out renal acid, switch to alkalinizing diet)
- Phosphorous control (Phosphorous lowers calcium, bad for kidneys)
44
If uroliths look dense on radiographs, they are made of...
calcium oxalate
struvite
silicate
45
If uroliths not visible on radiograph but lucent on US, made of...
urate
| cystine
46
What urolith can be dissolved by an acidifying diet?
struvites
47
What urolith can be dissolved by an alkaline diet?
urate
| cystine (commerical diet)
48
critically ill patients and RER
- feed as soon as possible, so long as hydrated
- start around 50-75% RER
- should be at 100% within 48 hrs
49
Of all critically ill feeding options, which is preferred?
enteral
50
What is in parenteral feeding?
- mix of AA’s, dextrose, lipids, and trace vitamins (70% non-protein calories from dextrose)
- missing trace minerals though, not a complete diet
51
What happens if feed only through IV?
- GI becomes inactive
- get poor GI function, villous atrophy, bacterial translocation
- septic complications
52
Methods of providing enteral feeding
```
nasogastric
pharyngostomy
esophagostomy
gastrostomy
jejunostomy
```
53
Tube feeding vs. enterostomy tubes
Tube food: lasting anorexia, can't or won't eat but GI functioning
Enterostomy: need to bypass stomach - vomiting, surgery, pancreatitis (liquid diet)
54
what is hemorrhagic diarrhea a sign of?
GI failure
loss of mucosal integrity
why important to keep GI stimulated, active
55
When do you use a central line catheter over peripheral?
if giving over 500 mosm/L
56
Disease of endocrine pancreas
Diabetes mellitus
57
signs of diabetes mellitus
- increased blood glu due to decreased insulin
- PU/PD
- polyphagia
- weightloss
58
insulinoma
- uncontrolled increase in insulin = decrease in blood glucose concentration
- collapse, neuro signs, dull mentation, exercise intolerant
59
Why is diabetes a metabolic disease in humans
- disease of lipids vs. sugar
| - blindness, loss of sensation, vascular, kidney issues all due to lipid loss or buildup
60
What kind of hormone is insulin
Anabolic
- increases uptake, deposition, synthesis of things in adipose and muscle
- puts the groceries in the cupboard (glu, FA's, AA's)
61
What kind of hormone is glucagon
Catabolic (antagonist to insulin)
| -increases mobilization (takes things out of cupboard)
62
What kind of hormone is somatostatin
regulates both insulin and glucagon
63
Pancreatitis
- inflammation (exocrine prob)
- anorexia, vomiting, abdominal pain
- if pancreatic function decreases too much, get EPI
64
Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)
- undiagnosed or untreated diabetic
- excess ketones can go to acidosis
- anorexic, weight loss
- lethargy/comatose
- bad breath, vomiting, diarrhea, unkempt
- tachy, hepatomegaly
