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VM 623 Nutrition > Nutrition Exam 4 > Flashcards

Nutrition Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Options if dog is allergic to current diet

A
  • novel protein

- hydrolyzed protein diet

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2
Q

Cutaneous adverse food reaction (CAFR)

A
  • dogs, cats, horses
  • usually immune-mediated or a hypersensitivity (often type I)
  • can be idiosyncratic
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3
Q

Signs of CAFR

A
  1. Pruritis (TOP ONE)
  2. otitis
  3. secondary infections
  4. +/- GI change, hives
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4
Q

What are most food allergies in response to?

A

Glycoproteins

no specific culprit like corn

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5
Q

Breeds genetically predisposed to IgE production

A

Beagles
Boxers
Cocker spaniels
West Highland Welsh Terrier

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6
Q

Diagnose CAFR

A
  • rule out other infections, infestations
  • Conduct an elimination diet for longer than 8 weeks, up to 12
  • serum food allergy testing (lots of false positives)
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7
Q

Novel protein elimination diet

A
  • commercial or home-cooked (not OTC - cross contamination concern)
  • eliminate carbs first, proteins, then replace with a very novel thing - something unlikely to be allergic to
  • cross-reactivity concern
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8
Q

Known cross-reactivities

A
  • chicken & duck
  • beef & venison
  • beef & bison
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9
Q

Hydrolyzed diets

A
  • reduced protein size discourages IgE cross linking to Mast Cells
  • currently prescription diet only
  • some animals will still have a CAFR flare on these diets
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10
Q

Ultamino

A
  • Royal Canin diet

- super hydrolyzed to eliminate epitopes

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11
Q

Top choice for an elimination diet

A

Novel protein or ultamino

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12
Q

Is an elimination diet curative?

A

no- it’s a diagnostic
should see reduction in pruritis in 8 weeks
to confirm, dietary rechallenge - look for CAFR flare within 2 weeks

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13
Q

Zinc responsive dermatosis syndrome 1

A
  • malabsorption
  • hereditary
  • Huskies and malamutes, goats
  • young animal getting sufficient zinc but responding to it = deficiency
  • diagnose/treat with zn supplement
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14
Q

Signs of Zinc responsive dermatosis syndrome 1

A 
erythema
alopecia
crust
hyperkeratosis
secondary infection
BUT not very itchy
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15
Q

Zinc responsive dermatosis syndrome 2

A
  • dietary imbalance of zinc
  • large breed growing puppies
  • excessive Ca, Cu, Fe, etc inhibit Zn absorption
  • treat with diet change +/- zinc
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16
Q

Signs of Zinc responsive dermatosis syndrome 2

A

Histo shows parakeratotic hyperkeratosis

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17
Q

Hypovitaminosis A

A
  • affects epithelial cell proliferation
  • see squamous metaplasia
  • common in birds, reptiles
  • treat with supplemental vitamin A
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18
Q

Signs of Hypovitaminosis A

A 
Hyperkeratosis
Blepharitis
Seborrhea (greasy or dry scaly skin)
Rhinitis, oral plaques on birds
Conjunctivitis, aural abscesses on reptiles
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19
Q

Who gets vitamin C deficiency

A

Humans, Guinea pigs

See Seborrhea, poor coat, ecchymoses, hematomas

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20
Q

Essential Fatty acid supplements

A

omega 6 - improve skin moisture

omega 3 - reduce inflammation and itch

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21
Q

Crypt vs. villi

A
  • crypt - secretion, young enterocytes, stem cells, paneth cells
  • villi - absorption, enterocytes, goblet cells, endocrine, blood/lymph supply
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22
Q

exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI)

A

weight loss but normal appetite
diarrhea
polyphagia (eating but not absorbing)
Treat with pancreatic enzyme supp

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23
Q

Exocrine pancreatic secretions

A

bicarbonate (epithelial cells)
digestive enzymes (zymogens) (acinar cells)
proteolytic enzymes

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24
Q

Proteolytic enzymes

A 
Trypsin, chymotrypsin (proteins)
Amylase (carbohydrates)
Lipase (fats)
Cholesteral esterase
Phospholipase
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25
Q

What does metaclopramide do?

A
  • pro-GI tract motility

- Moves everything to the colon, but doesn’t do colon motility

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26
Q

At water factors

A

Protein: 4 kcal/g
Fat: 9 kcal/g
Carbohydrate 4kcal/g

27
Q

Modified at water factors

A

accounts for limited digestibility of commerical pet food
Protein: 3.5 kcal/g
Fat: 8.5 kcal/g
Carbohydrate 3.5 kcal/g

28
Q

95% rule

A
  • 95% of the product by weight is the named ingredient
  • products with few ingredients
  • e.g. beef for dogs
29
Q

25% rule

A

If named ingredients comprise between 25% and 95% of the product, the name must include a qualifying term
e.g. “Beef stew”, “chicken dinner”

30
Q

3% or “with” rule

A

named ingredient is required to make up at least 3% of the product
e.g. “made with real beef”

31
Q

flavor rule

A
  • no specific percent is required, but product must contain an amount sufficient to be able to be detected
  • e.g. fish flavor doesn’t mean fish is in it
32
Q

Life stages

A

adult maintenance
growth
gestation/lactation
all life stages

33
Q

Guaranteed analysis

A

Min for crude protein, fat

Max for fiber, moisture, ash

34
Q

total dietary fiber

A

includes both soluble and insoluble fiber

crude fiber is a portion of insoluble fiber

35
Q

dietary management for liver disease

A
  • High E density
  • small meals frequently
  • High quality, highly digestible protein that’s low in copper (beef, cheese, eggs)
  • Protein >20% of dietary calories
  • moderate amounts of fiber, preferable soluble
36
Q

What liver disease would you restrict protein?

A

hepatic encephalopathy

37
Q

How do you modify vitamins and minerals for liver disease

A

increase vit B, E
Moderately restrict sodium (lessen ascites)
adequate potassium
restrict copper (lessens accumulation)

38
Q

How do you modify antioxidants for liver disease

A

increase zinc, vit E & C, taurine

39
Q

Signs of hepatic encephalopathy

A

head pressing after a meal
seizures
blindness

40
Q

Azotemia

A

high levels of nitrogen-containing compounds

BUN urea and/or creatinine

41
Q

Azotemia classifications

A
  • pre renal (dehydrated), renal, post renal (obstruction, hyperkalemic)
  • acute (large kidneys, pain) vs. chronic (small kidneys, anemia)
  • urine production (anuria none, oliguria less, polyuria excess)
42
Q

treat renal failure

A
  • keep them eating with slow progression
  • may need potassium supplement
  • phosphate binders if diet fails to control renal failure
43
Q

renal failure diets

A
  • BUN control (can’t excrete proteins, go low protein)
  • Acidosis control (can’t urinate out renal acid, switch to alkalinizing diet)
  • Phosphorous control (Phosphorous lowers calcium, bad for kidneys)
44
Q

If uroliths look dense on radiographs, they are made of…

A

calcium oxalate
struvite
silicate

45
Q

If uroliths not visible on radiograph but lucent on US, made of…

A

urate

cystine

46
Q

What urolith can be dissolved by an acidifying diet?

A

struvites

47
Q

What urolith can be dissolved by an alkaline diet?

A

urate

cystine (commerical diet)

48
Q

critically ill patients and RER

A
  • feed as soon as possible, so long as hydrated
  • start around 50-75% RER
  • should be at 100% within 48 hrs
49
Q

Of all critically ill feeding options, which is preferred?

A

enteral

50
Q

What is in parenteral feeding?

A
  • mix of AA’s, dextrose, lipids, and trace vitamins (70% non-protein calories from dextrose)
  • missing trace minerals though, not a complete diet
51
Q

What happens if feed only through IV?

A
  • GI becomes inactive
  • get poor GI function, villous atrophy, bacterial translocation
  • septic complications
52
Q

Methods of providing enteral feeding

A 
nasogastric
pharyngostomy
esophagostomy
gastrostomy
jejunostomy
53
Q

Tube feeding vs. enterostomy tubes

A

Tube food: lasting anorexia, can’t or won’t eat but GI functioning

Enterostomy: need to bypass stomach - vomiting, surgery, pancreatitis (liquid diet)

54
Q

what is hemorrhagic diarrhea a sign of?

A

GI failure
loss of mucosal integrity
why important to keep GI stimulated, active

55
Q

When do you use a central line catheter over peripheral?

A

if giving over 500 mosm/L

56
Q

Disease of endocrine pancreas

A

Diabetes mellitus

57
Q

signs of diabetes mellitus

A
  • increased blood glu due to decreased insulin
  • PU/PD
  • polyphagia
  • weightloss
58
Q

insulinoma

A
  • uncontrolled increase in insulin = decrease in blood glucose concentration
  • collapse, neuro signs, dull mentation, exercise intolerant
59
Q

Why is diabetes a metabolic disease in humans

A
  • disease of lipids vs. sugar

- blindness, loss of sensation, vascular, kidney issues all due to lipid loss or buildup

60
Q

What kind of hormone is insulin

A

Anabolic

  • increases uptake, deposition, synthesis of things in adipose and muscle
  • puts the groceries in the cupboard (glu, FA’s, AA’s)
61
Q

What kind of hormone is glucagon

A

Catabolic (antagonist to insulin)

-increases mobilization (takes things out of cupboard)

62
Q

What kind of hormone is somatostatin

A

regulates both insulin and glucagon

63
Q

Pancreatitis

A
  • inflammation (exocrine prob)
  • anorexia, vomiting, abdominal pain
  • if pancreatic function decreases too much, get EPI
64
Q

Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)

A
  • undiagnosed or untreated diabetic
  • excess ketones can go to acidosis
  • anorexic, weight loss
  • lethargy/comatose
  • bad breath, vomiting, diarrhea, unkempt
  • tachy, hepatomegaly

VM 623 Nutrition (3 decks)

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