Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Semester Autumn 3rd Yr > Nutrition II > Flashcards

Nutrition II Flashcards

1
Q

What is fermentation

A

A method of feed digestion
Oxidative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

how many type of ruminants are there

A

over 180

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

capacity of the rumen

A

80-100 L

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the rumen lined with

A

Filiform and Foliate epithelium for increased SA for VFA absorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Function of Cranial Pillar

A

Holds digesta away from oesophagus, allows eruction of gases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Appearance of reticulum

A

honeycomb structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

function of reticulum

A

controls flow rate of digesta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

omasum

A

filters digesta in folds called laminae and flushed back into rumen for rumination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what protects abomasum

A

mucus from pepsin and HCLM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Where does the first stage of protein digestion occur ?

A

abomasum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

3 types of rumen microbiota

A

bacteria, eukaryota, archaea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what % of rumen bacteria bind to feed particles

A

75%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

function of rumen bacteria

A

Digest starch, Sugars, Lipids, Proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

2 types of rumen bacteria

A

Fibre digestion ( Cellulolytic)
Starch & Sugar Digesters( Amalytic)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What % of the rumen do Amylolytic bacteria take up

A

25%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Fibre digesters work greatest on forage diets but don’t suit high fat diets above what
%

A

no greater than 5%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Fibre digesters primarily work on what?

A

Cellulose, Hemicellulose, Pectin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is an example of a lactate using bacteria in the rumen

A

Megasphaera elsdenii

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What % of the rumen do Protozoa take up

A

50%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the advantages of Rumen Protozoa

A

Single cell Eukaryote
Long residency time in the rumen
Attach to feed particles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How long does it take rumen protozoa to grow

A

15+ hrs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

location of rumen protozoa

A

fibre mat of the rumen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How can rumen protozoa benefit the rumen?

A

They can eat large amounts of starch at one time and store it in their bodies which in turn
slows down the production of acids that lower the PH of the rumen.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

optimum pH for:
cellulose digestion
formation of VFA
synthesis of protein
lactate production

A

cellulose digestion 6-6.8
formation of VFA 6.2-6.6
synthesis of protein 6.3-7.4
lactate production 5.9-6.2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Nitrogen is essential for what

A

Producing microbial protein in ruminants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

How can we reduce N losses from dairy cows

A

Either by reducing dietary N or increasing N use by rumen microorganisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is a solution excess N being produced

A

Forages with lower concentrations of N and less soluble protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

An example of a structural carbohydrate

A

lignin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

How is degradability of forages measured

A

In vitro gas production technique or via in sacco nylon bag technique

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Wheat and barley straw have a soluble fraction of what

A

15%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

PRG & white clover have a soluble DM of

A

30-40%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What sort of a process is fermentation

A

Oxidative process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

fermentation

A

It is a metabolic process in which an animal converts a carbohydrate into an acid or an
alcohol.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is a major constituent of plant cell walls

A

Cellulose. Made up of B(1-4) Linkages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is cellulose starch and sugars broken down into

A

hexose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What are 3 main factors affecting fibre fermentation

A

Rumen PH
Diet Digestibility
Rumen Passage rate.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What causes the Ph of the rumen to decline

A

When VFA absorption is faster than VFA production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is meant by rumen passage rate

A

Flow of digesta out of the rumen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What influences Passage rate

A

Complex CHO - Slow passage rate due to high structural content
Simple CHO - Fast passage rate as the small particles are rapidly broken down in the
rumen.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

degradability

A

Degrading of feedstuff in the rumen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

digestibility

A

How much of the nutrients consumed are absorbed and digested in the G.I (Reticulum &
Abomasum)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What are other methods of measuring digestibility

A

NDF, ADF and DM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What is the key functions of metabolizable protein

A

Growth, Lactation, Pregnancy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Two types of Rumen Protein

A

Rumen Digestible protein
Rumen Degradable Protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What is the primary source of protein supplied to the S.I by

A

Microbial protein synthesis accounting for 50-80% of total absorbable protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What is the purpose of energy systems

A

Bring together information on energy requirements of animals as well as providing info on the energy supplied by diets.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What energy system is adopted in ireland

A

French system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What are the two main losses from DE

A

urine & methane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Losses from DE can be put down to:

A

Inefficient feed digestion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

How is Gross energy measured

A

bomb calorimetry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What is the typical GE content of most feeds

A

18-20 Mj of GE/kg DM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What is the formula for digestibility

A

Digestibility = Feed intake - faeces output / Feed intake

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Calculate the following
Cow eats 25KgDM and produces 7.5 kg DM. What is digestibility

A

0.7

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

What losses does Metabolizable energy account for?

A

Losses through urine and gases lost from the rumen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Methane typically makes up what % of GE

A

8-9%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Methane typically takes up what % of DE

A

10-11%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Urine typically takes up what % of GE

A

3-5%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

How is NE calculated

A

ME - HI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

How is HI calculated

A

Indirect calorimetry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

What is indirect calorimetry

A

A method estimating heat production through oxygen consumed, carbon dioxide produced and N in the urine.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Two types of respiration chambers

A

Open and closed circuits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

What is the maintenance requirement for a 600 kg cow

A

M= 1.4(0.6BW)/100
M=1.4(0.6600)/100
M=5.04 UFL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

WHat is the requirement for milk of a cow producing 25kg milk and 3.8% fat

A

Requirement for milk = 0.44(0.4+0.15FC)
= 0.44(0.4+0.153.8) = 0.43
Per 25kg = 250.43 = 10.75 UFL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

What is the formula for 1 kg BW loss

A

3.5 x BW loss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

What is the formula for BW gain

A

4.5 x BW gain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

A loose housed animal will have an increased requirement of what

A

10%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

A Pasture based animal will have an increased requirement of what

A

20%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

Outline the energy requirements for pregnant cows in order of months and UFL

A

0.9 7 month
1.6 8 months
2.6 9 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

Feed intake is a function of what?

A

Meal size and meal frequency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

What is one of the best indicator of ill health in ruminants

A

Decrease in DMI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

When an animal reaches their rumen capacity it is called

A

Distension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

When Distention occurs the brain detects high levels of what?

A

High levels of digestion end products in the liver and the animal will stop intake until the concentration decreases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

What is the Thermoneutral zone of a dairy cow

A

Minus 15 degrees to plus 25 Degrees

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

What are 3 characteristics influencing Ruminant feed intake

A

Food Factors, Animal factors, Environmental factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

Every 100 kg increase in BW will result in

A

3KG increase in DMI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

Overly fat animals will produce what hormone

A

Leptin which reduces intake

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

The 5 Key nutrients in ruminants in order

A

Air Water Energy Protein Vitamins minerals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

5 factors affecting Energy requirements of ruminants

A

Maintenance Growth Health Lactation Reproduction gestation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

What is the most important factor influencing performance

A

Dry matter intake DMI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

What directly controls the amount of energy consumed and available for metabolism

A

DMI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

Sub optimal DMI can result in

A

Metabolic disease and reduced performance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

What % of BW does DMI typically take up in a diet

A

2-4%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

Two important Hormones in feed regulation are what?

A

Neuroendocrine system and hormonal secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

What stimulates feeding behaviour

A

Orexigenic signals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

What is inhibits feeding behaviours

A

Anorexigenic signals

86
Q

What are examples of Inhibitory signals

A

Rumen distention
Rumen Osmolality
Gut peptides
Pancreatic hormones
Adipokines

87
Q

The main characteristics affecting intake in ruminants

A

Rumination and fermentation of fibrous feeds
Retention time
Rumen capacity

88
Q

As digestibility of a forage increases so too does intake, due to

A

faster passage rate

89
Q

4 key minerals to ensure a ruminant is not deficient in

A

S P Na Co

90
Q

What are the main environmental factors affecting feed intake

A

Heat , Rain , Grazing factors , Temp , Day length , Parasite infestation, ill health

91
Q

What is the ideal bite size for a dairy cow

A

0.6 g DM

92
Q

What is the ideal bite rate for a dairy cow

A

60/min

93
Q

What is the target time spent grazing per day by a dairy cow

A

8-10hrs

94
Q

What will be a result of excessively hot weather

A

reduced intake

95
Q

What will be a result of cold weather

A

increased intake

96
Q

What are the main animal factors that can affect intake in ruminants

A

over fat animals
Very thin animals
Pregnant animals
Physiological status

97
Q

What is the correct fill units for the following
Dairy cattle
Beef cattle
Sheep

A

Dairy cattle - LFU
Beef Cattle - CFU
Sheep - SFU

98
Q

Maintenance takes up what % of energy that goes into a cow

A

60-80%

99
Q

What effect will wet grass have on intake

A

Lower intake as water is filling up the rumen

100
Q

Higher intake is associated with what

A

Short fibers

101
Q

What is PDIMN

A

Microbial protein that could be synthesised when Nitrogen is limiting

102
Q

What is PDIME

A

Microbial protein that could be synthesised when fermentable energy is limiting

103
Q

Where does the main energy supply for Ruminants come from

A

Carbohydrates and Fats

104
Q

What is the max inclusion rate for fats in a ruminant’s diet

A

No more than 5%

105
Q

WHat is the results if a diet has more than a 5% fat inclusion rate

A

Depression in intake

106
Q

Two types of structural carbohydrates

A

Cellulose and hemicellulose

107
Q

What are the end products of digestion

A

VFA

108
Q

What are examples of VFA

A

Acetic, propionic, Butyric

109
Q

Where are VFA absorbed

A

Rumen wall

110
Q

What is meant by physically effective fibre

A

Ruminants require fibre in a coarse physical form

111
Q

WHat content should NDF be of dietary dry matter

A

30% with at least 21% forage

112
Q

What is a problem with the ME system

A

ME values are not necessarily related to an animal’s maintenance or production
ME overestimates the available energy of forages relative to concentrates

113
Q

The dietary CP requirements of cattle are

A

Minimum >7%
Young /Growing 13-15%
Finishing cattle 11-12%
Lactating dairy cows 14-17%

114
Q

What is non protein nitrogen

A

Refers to components such as urea, biuret, and ammonia which are not proteins but can be converted into proteins by microbes in the ruminant stomach

115
Q

Name 4 common types of forages used in ruminant diets

A

Grass
Legumes
Herbs
Brassicas

116
Q

A type of grass very toxic to horses

A

vetch

117
Q

What is true about legumes

A

They are rarely grazed on their own by ruminants bar sheep

118
Q

Two examples of herbs

A

Chicory and plantain

119
Q

What influences nutrient availability

A

Degradability

120
Q

Grass silage has what % CP content

A

~12%

121
Q

An example of a feed deficient in calcium

A

cereals

122
Q

What is the most common cereal used in diets

A

barley

123
Q

What is the max recommended inclusion rate of starch in a diet

A

max 50%

124
Q

What is the CP content of Barley

A

10-12%

125
Q

What is the OMD content of Barley

A

81-88%

126
Q

What is the starch content of Wheat

A

65-70%

127
Q

WHat is the max recommended inclusion rate of wheat

A

Max 40%

128
Q

Wheat contains what

A

gluten

129
Q

What is the CP content of wheat

A

10-16%

130
Q

What is the max inclusion rate of wheat in sheep diets

A

max 50%

131
Q

What are examples of high fibre energy supplements

A

Molassed beet pulp
Unmolassed beet pulp
Soya hulls
Molasses

132
Q

Molassed beet pulp is rich in what

A

digestible cellulose

133
Q

Molassed beet pulp has sugar content of what

A

20%

134
Q

Examples of Cereal by products

A

Pollard/wheat bran
Maize gluten feed
Maize distillers

135
Q

Examples of oil seed by products

A

Palm kernel meal

136
Q

What is the fibre content of palm kernel meal

A

80-85%

137
Q

What is the crude protein content of palm kernel meal

A

20-25%

138
Q

Give two examples of protein supplements

A

Rapeseed meal
Soyabean meal

139
Q

The fraction of fibre that stimulates chewing activity is called what ?

A

Physically effective NDF

140
Q

What effect does physically effective NDF have on the animal

A

Enhances saliva flow
Increases milk fat levels
Maintains rumen PH

141
Q

What is net energy primarily used for in ruminants

A

Production and maintenance

142
Q

WHat are two main maintenance values

A

UFL and UFV

143
Q

What does UFL relate to

A

Maintenance and production in dairy cows and sheep

144
Q

WHat does UFV relate to

A

Maintenance and weight gain in fattening animals

145
Q

Barley is best fed in what form

A

Rolled and dried

146
Q

WHat supplement is essential to balance peNDF in the diet

A

Wheat

147
Q

What is pearson’s square

A

A tool used to calculate energy and protein supply

148
Q

Why is methane produced

A

To use up H+ in the rumen of animals

149
Q

What is a useful role of methane in ruminants

A

Helps maintain a microbial population

150
Q

What % of methane come from enteric fermentation

A

57%

151
Q

How many more times potent is methane than carbon

A

28 times more potent

152
Q

Methane is best described as

A

A short lived gas

153
Q

Co2 has a GWP of

A

1

154
Q

An example of a gas short lived in the atmosphere and released from the use of
Fertilisers

A

nitrous oxide

155
Q

Nitrous oxide is said to have a GW potential of

A

298

156
Q

What % of irish water has unsatisfactory or poor quality due to free draining soils

A

43%

157
Q

How long does methane live in the atmosphere

A

12yrs

158
Q

Examples of nutrient dense products

A

Milk and meat

159
Q

Since 1990 and 2017 there has only been a what % increase in methane emissions

A

1.7%

160
Q

What is glycolysis

A

The breakdown of feedstuff into glucose

161
Q

What is butyrate formed from

A

acetate

162
Q

Where more acetate is produced so to is what

A

methane

163
Q

What is the MJ/kg of energy provided by methane

A

55

164
Q

What % of total microbes does archaebacteria make up

A

0.5 - 3.0%

165
Q

What will help reduce CH4

A

By providing an alternative sink for H2

166
Q

What is the capacity of the rumen of a cow

A

100 - 120 Litres

167
Q

What is the PH of the rumen

A

5.5-6.5

168
Q

Mastication accounts for what % of gas released from cows

A

90-95%

169
Q

A proven method of reducing methane emissions

A

Oil inclusion in the diet

170
Q

How is microbial protein formed

A

Ammonia + Energy

171
Q

Main function of the rumen

A

Carbohydrate digestion

172
Q

What most accurately describes methane production

A

Methane production is a function of the animal, the diet and the microbial population in the rumen

173
Q

Where is most methane excreted by hind gut fermenters

A

Excreted through the breath from the lungs

174
Q

What is one management strategy that can help reduce methane

A

Selection of animals with less of a genetic capacity to produce methane

175
Q

Where are protozoa found

A

The fibre mat of the rumen

176
Q

The removal of protozoa is responsible for

A

Significant proportion of methane production

177
Q

Two minerals that have the potential to reduce methane emissions

A

fats and oils

178
Q

The use of linseed oil has found what

A

A methane per day production decrease of 17%
Methane reduction per kg milk solids of 20%

179
Q

What is ether extract

A

Total crude oil content of a forage

180
Q

To reduce methane we can

A

Breed , Feed and supplement

181
Q

WHat VFAs are involved in the production of methane

A

Acetate, Butyrate, Propionate.

182
Q

What VFA is least energy dense

A

acetate

183
Q

What VFA is most energy dense

A

butyrate

184
Q

WHy is methane produced in the rumen

A

The rumen is a large energy making mechanism for certain groups of microbes which live in the rumen. Methane is formed as aby product of VFA fermentation by

185
Q

What is the formation of methane known as

A

Methanogenesis

186
Q

What % of methane is released as a result of belching

A

90%

187
Q

What % of methane is released anally

A

5-10%

188
Q

Methane accounts for what % of energy intake in animals

A

10-12%

189
Q

A high concentrate diet will lower emissions in comparison to

A

a grass based diet

190
Q

What are the advantages of including fat in a diet of a cow

A

Increases energy & reduces methane production

191
Q

WHat is the max inclusion rate of fat in a diet

A

max 6%

192
Q

What are the consequences of including fat above 6%

A

Inhibits CHO digestion

193
Q

For every 1% of fat given to a cow, what % decrease in methane yield is observed

A

5-6%

194
Q

Plant oils all have

A

High concentrations of polyunsaturated fats

195
Q

Why is fat not included at high rates in diets

A

It has the ability to inhibit CHO digestion

196
Q

Linseed oil has shown what % reduction in methane

A

17% daily

197
Q

What is defaunation

A

The inhibition or removal of methanogens & protozoa using plant oils.

198
Q

Seaweed has the ability to increase ADG by

A

22%

199
Q

Seaweed can reduce enteric fermentation by what %

A

50% 

200
Q

What % of irish rivers have unsatisfactory nitrate concentrations

A

43%

201
Q

What % of ireland’s ammonia emissions does agriculture account for

A

99%

202
Q

Agriculture accounts for what % of total emissions

A

37.5%

203
Q

Enteric fermentation accounts for what %

A

56%

204
Q

What are some of the requirements for derogation 2022

A

Low emission spreading after 15th April
Clover inclusion in reseeds
Crude protein limit at 16% from 1st april to 15th september
Commonage fert limit 50 kg N ha
Grass measuring and nutrient management plan

205
Q

Protein is available in two forms. What are they

A

Rumen degradable protein
Rumen undegradable protein

206
Q

RDP is degraded to what

A

ammonia

207
Q

What creates microbial protein

A

Energy + Ammonia

208
Q

True protein can be regarded as?

A

Microbial protein

209
Q

Give the three functional groups

A

Grass
Legumes
Herbs

210
Q

What is Multispecies forages

A

Forages that contain 2 or more plant species from at least two functional groups

211
Q

WHat are some of the most common types of legumes

A

White clover
Red clover
Vetch

212
Q

What are some of the benefits of Multispecies swards

A

High Nutritive value
Increased animal performance
Increased summer growth rates
Reduced chemical N use
Increased biodiversity

Semester Autumn 3rd Yr (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions