Physiology MCQ Flashcards
(114 cards)
1
Q
- The normal pH range of blood is
A
7.35-7.45
2
Q
- The process by which formed elements of the blood develop is called
A
Haemopoiesis
3
Q
- A megakaryoblast will develop into a
A
platelet
4
Q
- Which of the following hormones stimulate proliferation of RBC in red bone marrow
A
erythropoietin (EPO)
5
Q
- The process of a white blood cell squeezing between endothelial cells to exit a blood vessel is called
A
Emigration
6
Q
- Which of the following connective tissue cells consist of a matrix of fibres
A
areolar, adipose, reticular and dense
7
Q
- Which of the following connective tissue cells consist of a matrix of gelatinous material
A
Cartilage
8
Q
- Which of the following tissues consist of a material called a matrix
A
connective
9
Q
- Which of the following cells are associated with a gel matrix
A
chondrocytes
10
Q
- In order to hold tissue together, fibres are involved. Which of the following types of fibres hold tissue together by forming a net-like arrangement of fibres
A
reticular
11
Q
- Cells that engulf bacteria or cell debris within loose connective tissue are
A
Macrophages
12
Q
- Three types of connective tissue include
A
CT proper, fluid CT, and supporting CT
13
Q
- Which of the following tissue types consist of cells that generally have a spacious intracellular area consisting of a matrix of various types
A
connective
14
Q
- How does muscle tissue contribute to homeostasis
A
generating heat to maintain body temperature, moving materials through the body, pulling on bones to move the body
15
Q
- The primary function of muscle is
A
conversion of chemical energy into mechanical energy
16
Q
Skeletal muscle is
A
striated, largely under voluntary control
17
Q
Cardiac muscle is
A
striated
18
Q
smooth muscle is
A
regulated by the autonomic division of the nervous system
19
Q
- Which of the following describes the filaments of skeletal muscle tissue
A
the filament extends through the entire length of the myofiber
20
Q
Myofibrils
A
include the contractile protein actin and myosin
21
Q
thick filaments
A
composed primarily of myosin
22
Q
Thin filaments
A
composed of actin, troponin and tropomyosin
23
Q
- Which of the following does not happen during a muscle contraction
A
the thick and thin filaments shorten
24
Q
Action potentials
A
allow an impulse to travel over long or short distances
25
29. Place the events involved in generating an action in order:
- K+ moves out of the cell
- Na+ activation gates open
- Excess K+ leaves the cell causing hyperpolarization
- Na+ enters cell and voltage becomes less negative
- K+ channels close
- Threshold stimulus arrives
- Leakage channels restore restarting membrane potential
- Na+ inactivation gates close and K+ open
- threshold stimulus arrives
- Na+ activation gates open
- Na+ enters cell and voltage becomes less negative
- Na+ inactivation gates close and K+ open
- K+ moves out of the cell
- Excess K+ leaves the cell causing hyperpolarisation
- K+ channels close
- Leakage channels restore restarting membrane potential
26
30. Axons classified as A fibres
are myelinated, have large diameters, conduct impulses more rapidly than B or C fibres
27
Electrical synapses
occur when there is direct contact between electrically excitable cells, allow rapid communication between cells, allows synchronisation of cellular activities
28
32. At a chemical synapase
the presynaptic neuron converts an electrical signal into a chemical signal
29
33. In order for a neuron to regenerate
it must be in the PNS, the cell body must remain intact
30
Neurogenesis
occurs in embryonic brain, occurs in hippocampus even during adulthood, is inhibited by neuroglial products in most areas of the CNS, is inhibited by the absence of foetal growth stimulating factors
31
35. The principal cations in our fluids are
Na and K
32
36. The stage In cell life where the cell performs its normal functions and prepares for division is called
interphase
33
37. During this phase of cell division, the chromosomes uncoil, the nuclear membrane forms, and cytokinesis occurs
telophase
34
Sperm cells each contain how many chromosomes
23 chromosomes
35
39. The ability of a muscle tissue to stretch without being damaged is called
extensibility
36
40. A muscle fibre (myofiber) is a muscle
cell
37
a tendon
attaches a muscle to bone, contains parallel bundles of collagen fibres and is an extension of the fused endomysium, perimysium and epimysium of a muscle
38
43. An adult has more muscle mass than a child, how did this occur
hypertrophy
39
epithelial tissue
has a basement membrane
40
45. Functions of epithelia
providing physical protection, absorption, controlling permeability and producing specialised secretions
41
46. Gland which excretes hormones into the blood/tissues are
exocrine glands
42
47. The pancreas produces
endocrine and exocrine secretions
43
48. A neuromuscular junction (NMJ)
is the synapse of a motor neuron with a muscle fibre
44
Osteocytes are stationary cells sitting in small depressions in the bone matrix, these are called
lacunae
45
50. Nutrients travel from the blood in the central canal to the osteocytes via
canaliculi
46
51. Which of the following doesn’t belong to the CT category
Squamous
47
Which of the following cells consists of muscles of fat
adipocytes
48
53. What type of tissue makes up tendons and ligaments
dense
49
forms hormones
epithelium
50
allows you to smile and walk
muscle
51
Cell membranes are
Selectively permeable
52
57. Movement of O2 from high to low concentrations
diffusion
53
58. A process that requires cellular energy to move a substance against its concentration gradient is called
active transport
54
59. An intake of small membrane vesicles from an extracellular fluid is called
endocytosis
55
Synapse
the site where 2 neurons or a neuron and an effector meet
56
61. Most of the neurons in the brain and the spinal cord are
multipolar neurons
57
neuroglia
comprise about one half of the tissue in the CNS, retain mitotic potential but don’t conduce nerve impulses, support and protect neurons
58
astrocytes
form the blood-brain barrier
59
64. Which neuroglia cells produce myelin
oligodendrocytes and schwann cells
60
grey matter
consists of neuron cell bodies, neuroglia and unmyelinated nerve fibres
61
Neurons
Exhibit differences in electrical voltage across their plasma membranes
62
67. When ions move across the plasma membrane
they create a flow of electrical current that can disturb the resting membrane potential
63
Epilepsy
results from an abnormal, synchronous discharge of neurons in the brain
64
Osmotic pressure
forces water to move across a semipermeable membrane, can be opposed by hydrostatic pressure, forces water to move toward the higher solute concentration
65
Alternate form of tumour is
nucleoplasm
66
cell division used to produce gametes is
meiosis
67
73. Mitosis is to somatic cells as meiosis is to
reproductive cells
68
secretes substances
epithelium
69
75. 3 types of protein in myofibrils
contractile, regulatory, and structural
70
77. The average lifespan of an erythrocyte is
120 days
71
78. Place the events of endochondral ossification in the order in which they occur
- primary ossification centre development
- Cartillage model development
- secondary ossification centre development
- cartilage model growth
- articular cartilage and epiphyseal plate formation
- Cartillage model development
- cartilage model growth
- primary ossification centre development
- secondary ossification centre development
- articular cartilage and epiphyseal plate formation.
72
79. Place the events of fracture repair In order
- bone remodelling
- fibrocartilaginour callus forms
- fracture haemotoma forms
- bony callus forms
- fracture haemotoma forms
- fibrocartilaginour callus forms
- bony callus forms
- bone remodelling
73
Components of skeletal system
tendons, bones, articular cartilage and skeletal muscle
74
82. Two types of growth in cartilage
interstitial growth and appositional growth
75
83. Skeletal muscle contractions will occur as long as which chemicals are available in the cytosol of the muscle fibre
ATP and acetylcholine
76
88. In neuromuscular junctions, synaptic vesicles containing acetylcholine are found suspended in the cytosol of
synaptic end bulbs
77
90. The epidermis is avascular therefore nourishment to cells in the epidermis must be provided by diffusion of materials from
blood vessels in the subcutaneous region, dermal reticulum, dermal papillae and stratum basale
78
Functions of the integumentary system
chemical barrier, excretion, temp regulation, blood reservoir, physical barrier, metabolic function and cutaneous sensation
79
92. Nervous tissue that contains neuronal cell bodies, dendrites,unmyelinated axons,axon terminals and neuroglial cells
grey matter
80
94. The fluid that is outside of the blood vessels and surrounds body cells is the
extracellular fluid
81
Place the following events of keratinisation and epidermal growth in order of occurrence:
- new cell push toward surface
- stratum basale cells divide
- dead cells are shed
- cells reach stratum granulosum and undergo apoptosis
- tonofilaments converted to keratin by keratohyalin
- dead cells are shed
- cells reach stratum granulosum and undergo apoptosis
- tonofilaments converted to keratin by keratohyalin
- new cell push toward surface
- stratum basale cells divide
82
haemostasis
a sequence of events that prevents the loss of blood from blood vessels
83
anaemia
lack of red blood cells
84
102. b cells, t cells and NK cells arise from these cells
lymphoid
85
polycythemia
too many red blood cells
86
platelets
one of the formed elements of blood that consists of cell fragments broken off from megakaryocytes
87
immunoglobulins
antibodies
88
which of the following plasma proteins plays a role in blood clotting
fibrinogen
89
Serum
plasma minus the clotting proteins
90
Microfilaments are composed of
actin
91
Advantages of the presence of microvilli on the cell membrane is
increases surface area for diffusion of substances
92
Choose the statements that are true for connective tissues fibres:
A) Reticular fibres and elastic fibres contain glycoproteins
B) Reticular fibres support and strengthen connective tissues
C) Collagen fibres decrease tissue flexibility
D) Elastic fibres allow connective tissues to stretch
E) They strengthen and support connective tissues
- Reticular fibres and elastic fibres contain glycoproteins
- Reticular fibres support and strengthen connective tissues
- Elastic fibres allow connective tissues to stretch
- They strengthen and support connective tissues
93
Mesenchyme and mucous connective tissue are classified as
embryonic
94
This component of connective tissue is found between the cells and fibres, and
functions to support and bind cells in the tissues together
matrix
95
Which of the following is a polysaccharide found in the ground substance of connective tissues?
hyaluronic acid (GAGS)
96
Reticular fibres in soft organs like the spleen and liver form a supporting
framework called the
matrix
97
Which of the following is classified as loose connective tissue
areolar connective tissue
98
The extracellular matrix of connective tissue consists of
protein fibres and ground substance
99
Tendons and ligaments must with stand tension along the axis of their fibres. These structures are composed of
dense regular
100
Connective tissue which combines with adipose tissue to form the subcutaneous
layer that attaches the skin to the underlying structure
areolar
101
Liquid matrix of the blood
plasma
102
White blood cells
neutrophils 60-70%
lymphocytes 20-25%
monocytes 3-8%
eosinophils 2-4%
basophils 0.5-1%
103
* This structure prevents food or water from entering the trachea
epiglottis
104
* The rhythm of normal breeding is controlled by neurons located in the medulla oblongata? true or false
true (hypothalamus)
105
* Activities of medullary rhythmicity centre is influenced by the pons. true or false
true
106
* Proprioceptors monitor pH of fluids in the brain. true or false
false
107
* Aortic bodies send feedback to medulla along which nerve
vagus nerve
108
which of the following are the first tissues that form in the human embryo
mesoderm, ectoderm, and endoderm
109
* Connective tissue forms covering, lining and glands true or false
false (epithelial covers the above)
110
* Most microfilaments are composed of
actin
111
* Cilia and flagella are made mostly of?
microtubules
112
* Which of the following tissues provides the greatest protection from mechanical injury?
Stratified squamous epithelium
113
* Which cell organelle is the site of fatty acid, phospholipid and steroid synthesis
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
114
the advantage of the presence of microvilli on the cell membrane is
The membrane has a greater surface area for an increased rate of absorption.
