NUTRITION IN THE LIFE STAGES

Question 1

Pregnancy imposes a physiologic stress on the
mother.The most important changes with nutritional implications are:

Answer 1

An increased in basal metabolic rate [about 25% in the latter part of pregnancy].
2. A tendency to retain water.
3. Decreased gastric acidity and intestinal motility, with frequent impairment of digestion
and absorption in the early stage and constipation in the last trimester.
4. The production of glycosuria.
5. Hormonal changes [increased activities of progesterone, gonadotropin, estrogen,
adrenal steroid hormones].
6. A positive nitrogen balance.
7. Increased in plasma volume, with corresponding decrease in hemoglobin concentration
8. A normal weight gain throughout the gestation period.

Question 2

To minimize your risk of having an infant with neural tube defect, eat a highly fortified
breakfast cereal that provides 1% of the Daily Value (DV) for folate or take a vitamin
supplement that provides mcg/day of folic acid. Folic acid, the synthetic form of
folate, is obtained only from fortified foods or vitamin supplement.

Answer 2

100, 400

Question 3

Normal Weight 18.5 – 24.9

Answer 3

25-35

Question 4

Normal weight of the infant at birth

Answer 4

7 to 7 1⁄2 lb

Question 5

Weight of the uterus, placenta, and membrane

Answer 5

3 to 3 1⁄2 lb

Question 6

Weight of amniotic fluids

Answer 6

2 lbs;

Question 7

Weight of the mammary glands and tissues

Answer 7

1 to 1 1⁄2

Question 8

The remaining weight is in the form of

Answer 8

maternal body water and increased blood
volume.

Question 9

The total weight gain of 23 lb (average) should be about , , and lb for the first,
second, and third trimester respectively.

Answer 9

5, 8, 10

Question 10

Energy intake must allow a weekly gain of about __ kg last 30 weeks of pregnancy.

Answer 10

0.4

Question 11

Protein intake must be increased by an additional __ g/day, preferably food sources
with high in biologic value.

Answer 11

10

Question 12

Sodium intake is at least ____ mg/day.

Answer 12

2000

Question 13

Minerals especially i__requirements which are difficult to be provided
by usual diets needs supplementation under the physician’s care.

Answer 13

iron and folic acid

Question 14

Caffeine intake is limited or restricted to

Answer 14

200mg

Question 15

Problems during Pregnancy & their Dietary Interventions

Answer 15

• Pre-existing diabetes
• Gestational diabetes
• Hyperemesis gravidarium [severe nausea, vomiting, morning sickness
• Induced hypertension [Preeclampsia]
• Vitamin deficiencies during pregnancy
• Heart burns
• Cravings and Aversions [Pica]
• TORCH infection [Toxoplasmosis, Rubella, Cytomegalovirus, and Herpes Simplex]
• PLHIV/AIDS

Question 16

Dietary Guidelines to Manage Nausea & Vomiting of
Pregnancy (NVP)

Answer 16

üEat smaller, frequent meals, and snacks.
üAvoid liquids 1 to 2 hours before and after eating.
üConsume adequate liquids throughout the day.
üAvoid odors that cause aversions and nausea.
üEat higher amount of protein; although higher carbohydrate may be helpful for some
women.
üAvoid high fat and fried foods; these delayed gastric emptying.
üEat crackers before rising from the bed, if nausea occurs early.
üTry salty or sour foods.
üAvoid high spiced foods.

Question 17

Significant nutrient-related risk factors for pregnant teenagers include:

Answer 17

Low pregnancy weight gain.
* Low pregnancy weight for height.
* Excessive pre-pregnancy weight for height.
* Low gynecological age, [e.g., age onset of pregnancy minus age of menarche]
* Unhealthy lifestyle such as the use of drugs, alcohol, or cigarettes.
* A history of eating disorders.
* The presence of anemia, toxemia, and other chronic diseases.

Question 18

The quality of milk is maintained ate the expense of maternal stores. The nutrients
in breastmilk that are most likely to decline due to prolonged insufficient maternal
intakes are

Answer 18

Vitamin B6 [Pyridoxine], B12 [Cobalamin], and Vitamin D.

Question 19

Because of the enormous benefits of breast-feeding, mothers are encourage to
breast-feed babies at least for the first

Answer 19

12 months of life.

Question 20

Throughout the lactation period, an additional

Answer 20

500

Question 21

Fluid intake is higher during breastfeeding,
about _ cups or more to prevent
dehydration. Avoid alcohol, caffeine, and
most drugs as they transmitted through
breast milk to infants.

Answer 21

8

Question 22

Adequate vitamin will be necessary if
maternal intake is poor or if infant receives
little sunshine.

Answer 22

D

Question 23

increases 16 grams during lactation

Answer 23

protein

Question 24

A newborn requires __calories for infant male and 560 calories for infant female
per day, and this about 100 calories per kilogram of body weight.

Answer 24

620

Question 25

critical time for the development of food preferences and
eating patterns.

Answer 25

Early childhood

Question 26

recommended to meet calcium, protein, and B vitamins need.

Answer 26

A glass of milk daily

Question 27

distinct from both childhood and adulthood, and presents a unique stage of life cycle
both biologically and psychologically.

Answer 27

q Adolescence

Question 28

Nutritional concerns during this stage include

Answer 28

eating disorders, inappropriate food
patterns, practice of food fads, and the use of alcohol and drugs.

Question 29

Nutritional Recommendations for TEENS

• Give special attention to

Answer 29

B vitamins.