Nutrition Intro

Question 1

How much does nutrition account for in production costs

Answer 1

80%

Question 2

Give examples of mineral deficiencies (3) and associated vitamins (2)

Answer 2

Swayback - Cu
Pining - Co and B12
White muscle disease - Se & vitamin E

Question 3

What are signs of swayback

Answer 3

Hallow back

Poor quality wool

Question 4

Signs of pining

Answer 4

Reduce appetite
Lethargic
Poor wool quality

Question 5

Signs of white muscle disease

Answer 5

Reduce fertility and immune response
Arched back
Stiffness

Question 6

What mineral is toxic to sheep

Answer 6

Copper

Question 7

Metabolic diseases associated with nutrient deficiency

Answer 7

Hypocalcaemia (milk fever

Hypomagnesaemia

Hypoglycaemia - when energy output is greater than input (weight loss)

Fatty liver syndrome - fat is broken down to fast for liver to process
( weight loss)

Pregnancy toxaemia - poor nutrition during pregnancy

Question 8

Other names for hypoglycaemia

Answer 8

Ketosis

Acetone mica

Question 9

What other problems are associated with poor nutrition

Answer 9

Obesity

Red clover - redux fertility

Question 10

Break down of constituents of food

Answer 10

1. Food
2. Water & DM
3. DM - inorganic & organic

Inorganic - minerals

Organic - lipid CHO protein vitamins nucleic acid fatty acids

Question 11

Breakdown of forage constituents

Answer 11

1. Forage
2. water & DM
3. DM - organic and inorganic

Inorganic - minerals

Organic - lignin lipids CHO (structural and non-structural) protein (true and non true) vitamins

Question 12

Traditional proximate analysis of feeds (6)

Answer 12

Moisture content

Ash

Crude protein

Ether extract

Crude fibre

Nitrogen free extract

Question 13

What are traditional feed analysis measured in

Answer 13

g/kg

Question 14

What is ash

Answer 14

When all organic matter is burned off at 550 degrees

Inorganic matter left

Question 15

What is ether extract

Answer 15

When lipids and organic acids alcohol and pigments are dissolved in ether

Question 16

What is crude fibre

Answer 16

Residue from ether being boiled in acid and alkali

Insoluble fibre remains
Cellulose
Hemicellulose
Lignin

Question 17

What is crude protein

Answer 17

Calculated from nitrogen content

Protein has 16% nitrogen

100/16 = 6.25

CP = N x 6.25

Question 18

What is nitrogen free extract

Answer 18

100 - Moisture + ash + CP +CF + ether

Question 19

What are modern feed analysis

Answer 19

Dry matter DM

Organic Matter

Neutral Detergent Fibre

Acid Detergent fibre

Question 20

What is dry matter mesure

Answer 20

g/kg

Question 21

Organic matter

Answer 21

OM = DM - ash (inorganic)

g/kg DM

Question 22

What is neutral detergent fibre (NDF)

Answer 22

Fibre that is insoluble in neutral detergent

Plant cell wall
Hemicellulose
Cellulose
Lignin

Question 23

What is acid detergent fibre (ADF)

Answer 23

Fibre insoluble in acid

Cellulose and lignin

Question 24

What is active fibre

Answer 24

Predicted measure of long fibres in feed

Shorter fibres more digestible but need long fibres to maintain rumen health

Question 25

What is WCS

Answer 25

Water soluble carbohydrates = friction and simple sugar

Question 26

What is ADIN

Answer 26

Acid detergent insoluble nitrogen = fibre bound indigestible fibre Digestibikity is inversely proportional to ADIN

Question 27

What is DF

Answer 27

Dietary fibre - indigestible proportion of plant = lignin + polysaccharide

Question 28

What is NSP

Answer 28

Non starch polysaccharides NSP + lignin= cell wall components Soluble Pectin Insoluble Cellulose hemicellulose

Question 29

What is the difference between digestion and degradation

Answer 29

Digestion - break down of large insoluble molecules to small simple molecules = mechanical chemical and microbial Degradation - essentially microbial

Question 30

GE

Answer 30

Gross energy Total energy of food Heat combustion

Question 31

DE

Answer 31

Digestible energy | = GE - energy in faeces

Question 32

ME

Answer 32

Metabolisable energy Further losses ME = DE - energy in urine & methane

Question 33

NE

Answer 33

Net energy Further loses NE = ME - energy lost as heat

Question 34

What is NE used for

Answer 34

Maintenance | Production

Question 35

What is heat increments

Answer 35

Energy lost to surroundings Conduction Water loss Evaporation Convection Heat lost through food breakdown - muscle - saliva - chewing - swallowing

Question 36

TP

Answer 36

True protein Protein left once NPN is removed

Question 37

NPN

Answer 37

Non protein nitrogen Ammonia Urea

Question 38

DCP

Answer 38

Digestible crude protein Cp remaining after faeces amount removed Not reliable as rumen produce protein

Question 39

Rumen protein digestion

Answer 39

Rumen digestible protein (RDP) Broken down Quickly (QDP) Slowly (SDP) To protein utilised by microbes (ERDP) Effective rumen digestible protein

Question 40

What happens to ERDP

Answer 40

Broken down to MCP - microbial crude protein MTP - microbial true protein To DMTP digestible microbial true protein To Metabolisable protein MP To NP

Question 41

What happens to protein that can't be digested in rumen

Answer 41

UDP Undegradable protein To Digestible undegradable protein DUP To MP To NP

Question 42

Look at rumen digestion diagram

Answer 42

Do it

Question 43

BV

Answer 43

Biological value Direct measure of dietary protein that can be used by animal Balance of N intake and output taking into account Endogenous N excreted in irons Metabolic faecal N in faeces

Question 44

What is endogenous

Answer 44

Material originating from within organism

Question 45

What are some additives

Answer 45

Sensory (Colourants flavours) Technological (Preservatives antioxidants) Zootechnical (Digestible enhancers, gut flora stabilisers) Nutritional Vitamins trace elements Aa

Question 46

Some EU legislation

Answer 46

In feed hormones banned Fish meal banned -TSe, mad cow disease is a form (Except in calve milk) GM feeds - banned production Mercury levels in feed restricted - bioaccumulate

Question 47

Why is nutrition important for farmers

Answer 47

Leads to better quality product - wool - beef - milk yield Better animal growth Reduce diseases