Nutrition Lecture Flashcards
(51 cards)
Macronutrients?
Carbs/Sugars
Amino acids
Fatty acids and lipids
Micronutrients?
Vitamins
Minerals
Water
Adequate diet?
Energy (carbs, fats, proteins)
Essential/Nonessential amino acids and fatty acids (building blocks for synthesis of structural and functional proteins and lipids)
Vitamins and minerals (coenzymes and hormones in metabolic pathways - calcium and phosphate)
Dietary Essentials?
Not produced by the body
Provided by diet
- Phenylalanine, leucine, isoleucine, methionine, valine, tryptophan, threonine, lysine
Dietary nonessentials?
Synthesized by body
- Glycine, serine, aspartic acid
Nutrient deficiencies?
Developing: Common undernutrition or protein-energy malnutrition
Industrialized: dietary impropriety can cause: atherosclerosis, cancer, diabetes, hypertension
Primary malnutrition?
One or all of the components are missing
Secondary or conditional malnutrition?
Supply of nutrients is adequate
Malnutrition occurs: nutrient malabsorption, impaired nutrient use of storage, excess nutrient losses, increased need
Reasons for deficiencies?
Poverty Infections Acute and chronic illnesses Ignorance and failure of diet supps Chronic alcoholism (thiamine, pyridoxine, folate, vit A) Self imposed: anorexia, bulimia
Nutritional Disorders
Protein-energy malnutrition
Anorexia or Bulimia
Vitamin Deficiencies
Mineral Deficiencies
Protein-Energy Malnutrition
Low body weight, fat storage and reduced plasma proteins
Determined by BMI
Children- loss of skeletal muscles and subq fat
25% in developing
High death rate among children >5 yo
Marasmus
Somatic protein compartment
- Severe reduction in caloric intake
60% reduction in weight
Kwashiorkor
Visceral protein compartment Protein deprivation African kids: weaned too early bc of another kid, receive exclusively carb diet Muscle and fat are not effected Causes fatty liver - Hypoalbuminemia + generalized edema
Consequences of Marasmus
Loss of muscle Growth retardation Subq fat used as fuel Head appears too large Anemia, multivitamin deficiences Immune deficiency
Related disease to kwashiorkor
Nephrotic syndrome Damaged kidneys After extensive burns Enteropathies after protein loss Non absorption of proteins because of chronic diarrhea
Anorexia
Self induced starvation
Similar to PEM consequences
Permanent effects of system
Amenorrhea: decreased secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone, luteinizing hormone, and follicle-stimulating hormone
Cold intolerance, bradycardia, constipation, change in skin and hair, decreased bone density, postmenopausal
Bulemia
Individual binges and pukes
Amenorrhea (less than 50%)
Medical complications: electrolyte imbalance (cardiac arrhythmias), pulmonary aspiration of gastric content, esophagel and cardiac rupture
Vitamin deficiencies
4 fat soluble
- more readily stored, poorly absorbed in GI of fat malabsorption
9 water soluble
Fat soluble
A
D
E
K
A
visual pigment and cell proliferation
D
Facilitates intestinal Ca and K absorption and bone mineralization
- synthesized endogenously
E
Antioxidant and radical scavenger
K
Cofactor in hepatic carboxylation of pro-coagulants –> bleeding disorders
- synthesized endogenously
Water soluble
B1 B2 Niacin B6 B12 C Folic Acid Pantothenic acid Biotin
