Environmental 2 Lecture

Question 1

Risk factors of drug abuse?

Answer 1

Family history
Male sex
Psychiatric disorders
Ethanol abuse
Easy access
Peer pressure

Question 2

Cocaine and effects on neurotransmissions

Answer 2

Blocks uptake up neurotransmitters

• blocks the uptake of dopamine –> euphora, paranoia, etc
• blocks the uptake of NE –> hypertension, cardiac arrhthmia, myocardial infarct, etc
• • sympathomimetic: cardiovascular effects
• • coronary artery vasoconstriction and platelet aggregation: myocardial ischemia

Question 3

Therapeutic Drugs

Answer 3

Hormone Replacement Therapy
Oral Contraceptives
Acetaminophen
Aspirin

Question 4

Hormone Replacement Therapy

Answer 4

Estrogen + progesterone
Initially: postmenopausal women, prevent or slow osteoporosis, reduces likelihood of myocardial infarctions
Studies: reduction of fractures, increased risk of breast cancer and venous thromboembolism (stroke)

Question 5

Effects depend on?

Answer 5

Type of estrogen/progesterone used
Mode of administration
Age of person at start of treatment
Duration of treatment (increase after 5-8 years)

Question 6

Oral contraceptives

Answer 6

Estradiol+ progestins or just progestins
Inhibits ovulation or prevents implantation
Adverse effects: thromboemolism, cardiovascular disease, cancer, hepatic adenoma

Question 7

Acetaminophen

Answer 7

Analgesic and antipyretics
Toxicity: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, shock, liver failure, hepatocyte necrosis
- therapeutic dose 3 mg/day
- toxic dose 15-25 gm

Question 8

95% of acetaminophen?

Answer 8

Is detoxification by phase II –> excretion

Question 9

5% of acetaminophen?

Answer 9

CYP2E1 activity –> NAPQ –> conjugated with GSH or protein adducts (lipid peroxidation) –> liver failure (binds covalently to liver proteins or oxidative damage)

Question 10

Aspirin

Answer 10

Analgesic, antipyretic, antiinflammatory, antiplatelet (prevent heart attack and blood clot)
Adverse effects: GI bleeding, headaches, dizziness, mental confusion, coma, etc
- Therapeutic 80-160 mg
- Toxic kids 2-4 g adults 10-30g

Question 11

Pollution

Answer 11

Marjor target: lungs
Sources: combustion of fossil fuels, power plant emissions, photochemical reaction
– Ground level ozone ( oxides of N and volatile hydrocarbons interact in the atmospher to produce ozone)

Question 12

Common types

Answer 12

Carbon monoxide: burning gas
NO2: gas stove and gas heaters
Wood smoke: NO
Formaldehyde: building materials
Radon: radioactive gas
Manufactured: fiberglass
Bio-aerosols: microorganisms in the air

Question 13

Industrial exposure

Answer 13

Occupational exposure- diseases affect almost all organ systems
- Acute toxicity, hypersensitivity, chronic toxicity, cancers

Question 14

Types of industrial exposures

Answer 14

Volatile organic compounds: Organic solvent and vapors
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: potent chemical carcinogens
Plastic, rubbers, and polymers
Metals

Question 15

Volatile organic compounds: Organic solvent and vapors

Answer 15

• Aliphatic hydrocarbons
• Petroleum products- gas, kerosene
• Aromatic hydrocarbons

Question 16

Plastic, rubbers, and polymers

Answer 16

• Vinyl chloride monomers
• Rubber- leukemia
• Plastic containers- Fat + heat –> release of dioxin (carcinogenic)

Question 17

Metals

Answer 17

Lead
- production of batteries and ammunition
Toxicity: injury to CNS and PNS, cerebral edema, mental deterioration, GI changes, ab pain
Symptoms: headache, dizziness, memory deficits

Question 18

Ag Hazards

Answer 18

Increased with use of fetilizers and pesticides: insecticides, herbicides, fungicides, rodenticides, fumigants

Question 19

Health effects of Ag hazards?

Answer 19

Male infertility
Neurotoxicity
Hepatotoxicity
Muscular toxicity

Question 20

Radiation

Answer 20

Depends on: physical properties of material and dose
- Cells in G2 and mitotic phases are more sensitive
Types: non-ionizing and ionizing

Question 21

Non-ionizing radiation

Answer 21

Examples: Uv and infrared light, microwave, etc

- Can move atoms in a molecule or cause them to vibrate, but is not sufficient to displace bound electron from atoms

Question 22

UV Injury

Answer 22

Chlorofluorocarbons destory ozone layers (refrigerates, air conditioners, solvents)
- Skin cancer

Question 23

Ionizing Radiation

Answer 23

Xray

• Has sufficient energy to remove tightly bound electrons
• Collision of electrons with other molecules release electron in a reaction cascade –> ionization
• DNA damage that is repair or not; not = cancer

Question 24

Physical Environment

Answer 24

Human injury: death and disability

Mechanical force, thermal injuries, electrical injuries

Question 25

Mechanical forces

Answer 25

Abrasion: rubbing of the skin Contusion: blunt object Laceration: tear --> stretch Gun Wounds

Question 26

Thermal injuries

Answer 26

Thermal burns Hyperthermia Hypothermia

Question 27

Thermal burns

Answer 27

Depth of burn % of body surface involved Presence of interal injuries from inhalation Promptness and efficiency of therapy

Question 28

Burns classified

Answer 28

Superficial: epidermis Partial thickness: Dermis Full thickness: Reaching subq

Question 29

Burns cause?

Answer 29

Shock, sepsis and respiratory insufficiency | -- P. aeruginosa

Question 30

Hyperthermia

Answer 30

Prolonged exposure to elevated ambient temperatures - Heat cramps (loss of electrolytes through sweating) - Heat exhaustion ( failure of cardiovasculer system to compensate for hypovolemia-- lower blood volume) - Heat stroke (failure of thermoregulatory mechanisms, sweating ceases, core body temp rises- >40) --> organ system failure --> stroke

Question 31

Hypothermia

Answer 31

Cells and tissue freeze

Question 32

Electrical injuries

Answer 32

Passage of electric current: have no effect, cause sudden death, cause thermal injury Variation: resistance of the tissue to the conductance of electric current; intensity of current