Nutrition - Pig & Poultry

Question 1

What type of stomachs do pigs and poultry have?

Answer 1

Simple stomachs

Question 2

What happens in the oesophageal region?

Answer 2

–> No secretions - other than some amylase
–> Some fibre fermentation by lactobacilli and streptococci

Question 3

What may cause ulcers in the oesophageal region?

Answer 3

Stress and small feed particles

Question 4

What happens in the cardic region of a pig stomach?

Answer 4

• Mucous secretion
• Pre-digestion and mixing

Question 5

What happens in the fundic region of a pig stomach?

Answer 5

• Digestion begins
• Parietal cells secrete HCl
• Chief cells secrete pepsinogen
• G cells secrete gastrin

Question 6

What happens in the pyloric region of a pig stomach?

Answer 6

Mucous secretion

Question 7

What is the main function of the duodenum?

Answer 7

To neutralise stomach acid and aid digestion and absorption

Question 7

What is the function of Brunner’s glands in the duodenum?

Answer 7

To produce mucus and hydrogen carbonate

Question 8

What secretions are present in the duodenum?

Answer 8

Pancreatic secretions and bile

Question 9

What is the difference between the duodenum and the jejunum?

Answer 9

• Jejunum has fewer secretions
• Mucosa has more extensive villi

Question 10

What happens in the ileum of the pig?

Answer 10

• Completion of digestion
• Transportation to the caecum
• Peyer’s patches release immunity substances

Question 11

Where do goblet cells secrete mucous?

Answer 11

In the caecum and small intestines

Question 12

What is creep feed for pigs?

Answer 12

A type of dry feed given to piglets (it is composed of highly digestible ingredients)

Question 13

What are the dietary requirements for a piglet?

Answer 13

Colostrum is essential within the first 6 hours.
Intake = 0.5 kg/ day

Question 14

Why are piglets weaned at 21 days?

Answer 14

Because sows have lactational anoestrus.

Question 15

What are the nutritional components of a piglet milk replacer?

Answer 15

• Must contain 24-28% crude protein
• Must contain 8-10% fat

Question 16

What is the importance of the post-weaning growth check?

Answer 16

Time period in which piglets are transitioning from liquid to solid food, and they undergo a lot of stress. Decreased growth rates may be seen if not fed accordingly.

Question 17

Why are piglets susceptible to pathogens such as E. coli?

Answer 17

Their GI tract is not fully developed and the immune system is still immature

Question 18

What 3 factors can affect intestinal development in a piglet?

Answer 18

• Reduced feed intake
• Diarrhoea
• Poor growth

Question 19

When are pigs put on a ‘grower’ diet?

Answer 19

When the pig weighs over 25kg

Question 20

What are the protein requirements in the grower diet?

Answer 20

15-18% must be crude protein

Question 21

What is the feed conversion ratio?

Answer 21

Feed conversion = volume of feed eaten / output over a specific period

Question 22

What is a gilt?

Answer 22

Female virgin pig

Question 23

How much energy does a pregnant sow require?

Answer 23

20-30 MJ/ NE/ Day

Question 24

How much protein does a pregnant sow need?

Answer 24

- Diet must have 12% crude protein

Question 25

What are the protein requirements for a lactating sow?

Answer 25

18% crude protein

Question 26

What is the target BCS for a sow at the end of lactation?

Answer 26

BCS 3

Question 27

Name 5 factors that can impact feeding in pigs

Answer 27

- Type of feed - Palatability - Competition for food - Disease - Mouldy/ old feed

Question 28

Since when has it been illegal to feed pigs catering waste?

Answer 28

Since the foot and mouth outbreak in 2001

Question 29

What are the benefits of pelleted pig feed?

Answer 29

- Lower selective feeding - Increased nutrient density per unit volume - Reduced waste

Question 30

How is liquid feeding used for pigs?

Answer 30

Dry or liquid ingredients are mixed with water

Question 31

What is phase feeding?

Answer 31

- This is where multiple different diets are offered throughout the production cycle

Question 32

What are the 3 phases of phase feeding?

Answer 32

1) Weaner 2) Grower 3) Finisher

Question 33

How do the nutritional requirements change as a pig gets older?

Answer 33

Younger pigs have a higher requirement for protein due to growth and muscle deposition. As the pig gets older, there is a higher requirement for energy for fat deposition.

Question 34

Phase feeding can be expensive, but what are the benefits?

Answer 34

- Less waste - Better performance and margins

Question 35

What is the benefit of fibre for a pig?

Answer 35

Maintains digesta flow

Question 36

Increasing what will reduce voluntary feed intake?

Answer 36

Increasing fat

Question 37

What is an essential fatty acid for pigs?

Answer 37

Linoleic acid

Question 38

Why is protein needed in pigs?

Answer 38

- For maintenance, muscle growth, foetal development and lactation

Question 39

Why is the amino acid lysine needed in older pigs?

Answer 39

For lean muscle growth

Question 40

How much water do pigs require?

Answer 40

2-3x water per kg of food

Question 40

What can happen if pigs are fed too much salt or drink too little water?

Answer 40

Can cause salt poisoning

Question 41

100-200mg of which mineral is given to piglets at 5-7 years old?

Answer 41

Iron (Fe)

Question 42

What does this dose of iron help prevent?

Answer 42

Helps to prevent poor growth rates

Question 43

Mulberry heart disease can lead to sudden death in pigs. What is it often caused by?

Answer 43

Insufficient vitamin E and unsaturated fatty acids in the feed

Question 44

Why is Vitamin E important for a pig?

Answer 44

It is an important source of antioxidants

Question 45

What are the 8 components of the poultry alimentary system?

Answer 45

1) Beak/ mouth (no teeth) 2) Crop 3) Proventriculus 4) Gizzard 5) Small intestine 6) Ceca 7) Large intestine 8) Cloaca

Question 46

What is the function of a crop in poultry?

Answer 46

- Anaerobic storage organ - Some amylase activity - Some microbial fermentation to produce VFAs

Question 47

What is the function of the proventriculus in poultry?

Answer 47

- True stomach - Digestive enzymes and HCL present

Question 48

What is the function of the gizzard in poultry?

Answer 48

- A muscular organ with internal grinding ridges to grind food and form a paste-like digesta

Question 49

What is the function of the ceca in poultry?

Answer 49

Used for fibre fermentation

Question 50

What is the protein requirement for chick feed?

Answer 50

22% crude protein

Question 51

What are the energy requirements for a chick diet?

Answer 51

12.5-13 MJ/kg DM

Question 52

How should pellets be fed?

Answer 52

Fed ad lib

Question 52

What supplement should be given to chicks?

Answer 52

Lysine and methionine

Question 53

What are the energy and protein requirements for a pellet?

Answer 53

- 11.5-12 MJ/ kg DM - 14% crude protein

Question 54

What two dietary components are needed for feathering?

Answer 54

Cysteine and methionine

Question 55

What are the energy and protein requirements for feeding a broiler?

Answer 55

12 MJ/kg ME 20-24% crude protein

Question 56

What is the necessary Ca:P ratio for successful egg formation?

Answer 56

13:1

Question 57

What is the daily intake needed for Ca and P in a layer?

Answer 57

Ca = 4g P = 350mg

Question 57

How do you increase ME in a poultry diet?

Answer 57

- Reduce fibre - Add corn and fats

Question 58

What is the limiting amino acid for broilers?

Answer 58

Lysine

Question 59

What is the amino acid for layers?

Answer 59

Methionine

Question 60

What are the advantages of soyabean meals for poultry?

Answer 60

- High in lysine (so good for broilers) - High in sulphur - containing amino acids (so good for layers) - High in energy - Inexpensive

Question 61

What supplement can be given to reduce feather packing?

Answer 61

NaCl