Nutritional requirements

Question 1

digestion

Answer 1

long chains of molecules are broken down into individual molecules

Question 2

absorption

Answer 2

those individual molecules are then absorbed into the blood stream

Question 3

metabolism

Answer 3

chemical reactions that occur within cells

Question 4

protease

Answer 4

enzyme that breaks down protein

Question 5

what macro ( needed in large quantities ) nutrients are there

Answer 5

Water - most essential
protein - responsible for all calories
Carbs ^
Fats/lipids ^

Question 6

what micro needed in small quantities) nutrients are there?

Answer 6

Vitamins
Minerals

Question 7

carbohydrate functions

Answer 7

carbs are broken down into simple sugar such as glucose

provides a source of energy that is metabolically efficient

carbs are water soluble

good source of energy for cats and dogs

carbs make up 60-90% of dry matter weight in cat and dog food.

Question 8

fibre - polysaccharide

Answer 8

its structure makes it hard to be broken down

made up of soluble fibre called pectin and insoluble fibre mainly cellulose

Question 9

what is Pectin?

Answer 9

water soluble dietary fibre

Question 10

What is cellulose?

Answer 10

insoluble dietary fibre

Question 11

fibre benefits to cats and dogs

Answer 11

adds faecal bulk

increases amount of water that reaches l.intestine

aids in intestinal health via peristalsis (digestive motility)

Question 12

what is protein?

Answer 12

second most abundant substance in the body

made up from amino acids

non - essential

Question 13

proteins pt2

Answer 13

amino acids are the building blocks of all protein

they cannot be synthesised by the body

cats must eat meat as it contains Taurine which cats need in their diet

Question 14

essential amino acids for dogs

Answer 14

arginine
histidine
isoleucine
leucine
lysine

Question 15

essential amino acids for cats

Answer 15

arginine
methionine
phenylalanine
tryptophan
threonine
taurine

Question 16

protein metabolism - deamination

Answer 16

bacteria in the small intestine breakdown protein and as a byproduct, release ammonia.

the ammonia is then transported to the liver by the hepatic portal vein

the liver then metabolizes ammonia into urea (deamination) . urea is excreted by the kidneys in urine.

Question 17

protein metabolism - transamination

Answer 17

the liver converts protein into usuable amino acids. we refer to this process as transamination

Question 18

deamiantion

Answer 18

the excretion of waste from protein

Question 19

transamiantion

Answer 19

the production of new proteins

Question 20

protein summary

Answer 20

key to bodily structure and functions

excesses are converted into fat or glycogen

the waste component of protein is metabolised by the liver and excreted by the kidneys

Question 21

protein deficiencies

Answer 21

reduced growth and repair rates poor coat and skin condition

Question 22

protein excesses

Answer 22

weight gain

can exacerbate underlying pathologies relating to kidneys/liver

can form crystals blocking cats urination

Question 23

what is fats/lipids?

Answer 23

great source of energy but metabolically inefficient

made up of glycerol and fatty acids

helps make food palatable

some fatty acids are essential nutrients e.g. omega 3 and 6

needed for insulation

Question 24

fats/lipids pt2

Answer 24

most concentrated form of energy in the diet

is insoluble needs processing by body before can be used

triglycerides are the most abundant form of fat found in the body and in food. these are generally used as energy or stored as adipose tissue (body fat)

Question 25

essential fatty acid in a dog

Answer 25

linoleic acid 06

Question 26

essential fatty acid in a cat

Answer 26

linoleic acid 06 arachnidonic acid 06

Question 27

fat/lipid functions

Answer 27

storage high energy storage production of metabolic water thermal insulation waterproofing hormone production

Question 28

Fat summary

Answer 28

unlike glucose, fat has unlimited storage and is fundamental source of energy during periods of starvation. increased palatability of foods. hyperpalatable foods are usually high in fat

Question 29

fat deficiencies

Answer 29

dry coat and scaly skin impaired wound healing

Question 30

fat excesses

Answer 30

obesity animals predisposed to pancreatitis would have the condition exacerbated by a high fat diet

Question 31

what do vitamins function as ?

Answer 31

co enzymes - a molecule that binds to the active site of enzymes. as such, they play a diverse and multifaceted role in metabolism

Question 32

what vitamins are fat soluble and can be stored in the body?

Answer 32

A D E K

Question 33

what vitamins are water soluble (cannot be stored)

Answer 33

B, C

Question 34

what is vitamin A

Answer 34

found in high levels in dietary liver, important for eyesight

Question 35

what is vitamin D

Answer 35

can be synthesised from UVB light. Essential for calcium absorption

Question 36

what is vitamin E

Answer 36

important for antioxidant

Question 37

what is vitamin K

Answer 37

vital for coagulation

Question 38

what is vitamin B/C

Answer 38

both co enzymes for metabolism and homeostasis

Question 39

essential vitamins (required in diet)

Answer 39

B - some synthesised in gut A D-synthesised through skin via UVB light) E

Question 40

Non essential (can be synthesised)

Answer 40

C - except guinea pigs and primates where it is essential) K-made by gut bacteria

Question 41

what is hypervitaminosis A

Answer 41

a potential complication of feeding cats high levels of raw liver the condition causes the calcification of the liver, spleen and joints

Question 42

Antioxidants

Answer 42

reactive oxygen species, free radicals cause inflammation antioxidants neutralise free radicals there are many free radicals but the most important one is vitamin E

Question 43

Minerals

Answer 43

calcium magnesium sodium phosphorous chloride potassium

Question 44

electrolytes

Answer 44

calcium magnesium sodium phosphate chloride potassium

Question 45

what are electrolytes?

Answer 45

they are minerals with an electrical change. They're metabolically active and are vital to homeostasis. They're found throughout the body and maintained in fixed ranges within plasma

Question 46

calcium function

Answer 46

muscle/heart function, clotting

Question 47

potassium function

Answer 47

heart function, blood pH

Question 48

sodium function

Answer 48

muscle/nerve function, osmotic pressure

Question 49

magnesium function

Answer 49

blood pressure regulation

Question 50

chloride function

Answer 50

osmotic pressure, blood pH

Question 51

phosphate function

Answer 51

low levels cause anaemia

Question 52

calcium : Phosphorus

Answer 52

cats and dogs have a Ca:P ratio 1:1 - 1.5:1 raw meat is very high in phosphate calcium gets catabolised from bone to compensate