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2015 Spring 307 Midterm > Nutritional Supplements > Flashcards

Nutritional Supplements Flashcards

1
Q

Essential for many different functions

A

Growth, differentiation, development; early malnutrition may predispose us sto an increased risk for chronic diseases later in life

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2
Q

What is a supplement?

A

A product that is intended to supplement the diet or contain one or more of the following: vitamin, mineral, herb, other plant-derived substances, amino acid, concentrate, metabolite, constituient or extract

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3
Q

Supplements are intended for

A

ingestion in pill, capsule, tablet or liquid form and is not intended to be the sole source item of a meal/diet

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4
Q

Supplement use:

A

growing industry sales of 21 billion in 2005 with vitamins and minerals being the most widely used substances

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5
Q

Vitamin/supplement use associated with

A

higher income, somoke-free environements, lower BMI’s, less daily TV/video times

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6
Q

Vitamin A (Retinoid)

A

Needed to maintain Fx of corneal/conjunctival membranes

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7
Q

Vitamin A (retinoid)

A

refers to a group of fat-soluable compounds; higher dietary intake of some forms have been associated with decreased risk for macular degeneration and cataracts some cancers and some CV events

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8
Q

Vitamin A

A

Plays an important role in Vision; important to the development of the vertebrae and spinal cord, limb development and formation of the heart, eyes and ears

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9
Q

Vitamin A

A

increases macrophage phagocytic activity and increases cytokines that mediate T and B lymphocyte production

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10
Q

Retinoid (Vitamin A)

A

found in liver, dairy products, fish, colorful fruits and veggies and some oily plants; DRI based on the vitamin A intake of infants primarly fed breast milk; vitamin A Deficiency is RARE in the US;

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11
Q

Preterm breastmilk is low in Vitamin A

A

it is in human milk, bovine milk and formulas; may be an issue in children with fat malabsorption

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12
Q

Vitamin A Cochrane review

A

VLBW being supplementet with VIT A had a reduction in death or O2 requirement at 1 month of age and oxygen requirement among survivors at 36 weeks birth weight < 1 kg; may prevent lung injury and promote healing; reduced BPD, low Vitamin A levels have been shown to be a risk for maternal to child HIV transmission

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13
Q

Vitamin A (retinoid)

A

No special recommendations concerning dietary supplements with vitamin A; preterm infants being breastfed will need fortification; there is some evidence that supplemental Vitamin A may be indicated for LBW preterm infants

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14
Q

Calciferol (VITAMIN D)

A

essential for proper growth and development of tje skeletal system, works with the PTH to maintain serum calcium and phosphate concentrations; Synthesized by humans and other mammals in their skin (body can synthesize)

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15
Q

Vitamin D

A

Conversion of the precursors to active Vitamin D initially required UVB light; known as the “sunshine vitamin” and deficiency is more common where sunshine is limited

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16
Q

Vitamin D

A

found in egg yolks, butter, whole milk, fatty fish, fish ois, mushrooms, liquid, dried milk and cereal

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17
Q

Vitamin D is low in human milk unless mom supplements with high doses

A

Vitamin D is associated with ricketts

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18
Q

AAP recommends that all breastfed infants be supplemented with Vitamin D

A

Formula fed infants need to consume at least 1 L of vitamin D formula a day

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19
Q

So, if you are feeding 8 feeds a day=125 ml/feed

A

and if you are feeding 6 x per day, you will need 167 ml/feed
(1000ml/#times you feed per day)

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20
Q

Vitamin E

A

Functions as a chain-breaking antioxidant to prevent free radical damage; this is especially important in cells that are exposed to oxygen (lungs and RBCs)

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21
Q

Dietary sources of vitamine E

A

Whole Grain, nuts veggie oils, meats, wheat germ; safflower oil and sunflower oil; Breast milk provides an adequate amount for term and preterm infants

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22
Q

Vitamin E deficiency is rare in the US-

A

usually occurs with fat mal-absorption and may cause peripheral neuropathies, hemolytic anemia and abnormalities in platelet function

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23
Q

Vitamin E

A

Aap does not recommend pharm does of vitamin E for the prevention and treatment of ROP, BPD, IVH; supplements required if fat malabsorption

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24
Q

Vitamin K

A

Fat soluble vitamin that functions as a coenzyme or the synthesis of biologically active proteins that are involved in blood coagulation and bone metabolism

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25
Q

Vitamin K

A

proteins that are dependent on Vit K in clude the clotting factors plasma prothrombin (Factor II), VII, IX and X as well as proteins C & S

26
Q

Vitamin K is obtained from what 2 sources?

A

diet and the systhesis of intestinal flora

27
Q

Tha AAP recommends that newborns recive prophylaxis Vitamin K at birth

A

Oral supplementation for Vitamin K are not presently current in the US

28
Q

Deficiency of Vitamin K at birth is associated with bleeding during the first weeks of life (vitamin K deficiency bleeding)

A

Deficiencies of vitamin are described as early, classic or late

29
Q

Vitamin K toxicity is rare and no s/e have been reported

A

N relationship found between vitamin K given at birth and the development of cancer and leukemia in childrenalcium

30
Q

Calcium

A

99% bones and teeth with 1% in blood; most abundant mineral in the body; main structural component of the skeletal system; regulated by several hormones including PTH and Calcitonin; Low Ca concentrations usually imply abnormal PT function or kidney failure

31
Q

Calcium is found in

A

dairy, dark green veggies, legumes and fortified food

32
Q

Vitamin K is

A

undectable in cord blood

33
Q

Bleeding from Vitamin K Deficiency

A

early is 1st 24 hours (cephlahematoma, ICH, IAH
Classic- days 2-7 (stump, gi, circ
late day 7 - 3 months

34
Q

calcium

A

intake of calcium from formula may need to be greater in order to achieve the same retention as infants who are fed human milk (term)

35
Q

LBW infants are at risk for biocemical abnormalities when deficiencies of calcium are present

A

rickets, low rates of bone mineralization, reduced liner growth, low net mineral retention, hypophosphatemia, reduced bone mass and subsequent osteoporosis

36
Q

Calcium

A

Effects of excessive intake are not known in infants/children; human milk thought to be a sufficient surce for the first 6 months of life

37
Q

Preterm infants have a HIGHER calcium need than term infants

A

AAP recommends supplementation for these infants - HMF, premature formulas, MV

38
Q

IRON is an essential mineral

A

Constituent of several classes of protein; Heme proteins (HGB) which is required for the transport of o2 from lungs to tissues

39
Q

Iron -Sulfur, non heme enzymes (flavoproteins)

A

enzymes involved in iron storage and transport; plays a role in DNA synthesis

40
Q

iron

A

Homeostasis is primarily maintained through the coordinated regulation of absorption and transport;

41
Q

Dietary iron

A

Heme-based-foods of animal origin
non-heme bases-grain, fruit, veggies
human milk is a source of highly bioavailable iron

42
Q

AAP recommends that healthy full-term breastfed infants receive a supplemental source of iron starting at 4-6 months of age, preferable from complimentary foods

A

Preterm or LBW should begin supplementation at 1 month of age

43
Q

Iron: excess administration

A

most common cause of poisoining in the child younger than 6 yrs of age in the US

44
Q

Adverse effects of Iron

A

promotion of cellular oxidation; impaired resistance to infection; interference with absorption of metabolism of other nutrients; gi abnormalities; behavioral distrubances

45
Q

Zinc

A

Essential trace mineral with numerous physiological and biochemical fx; catalytic, structural and/or regulatory component of nearly 300 enzymes in which it maintains structural integrity and plays a role in the regulation of gene expression

46
Q

Dietary sources of Zinc

A

Primarily animal sources (red meat, oysters, poultyr, liver) and plants (neans, nuts, whole grains, fortified cereals legumes)

47
Q

Zinc is highly bioavailable in human milk

A

concentrations declines as lactation progresses; higher in human milk as compared with bovine mild (just like Iron)
Absorption of zinc is less in soy formulas as compared to milk-based formulas and human milk

48
Q

characteristics of zinc deficiency

A

growth retardation; alopecia; diarrhea; delayed sexual maturation and impotence; eye and skin lesions, loss of appetite, behavior (ADHD)

49
Q

Excessive intake of Zinc

A

suppression of immune system, decreased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; reduced copper status; acute toxicity: epigastric pain, diarrhea, nausea and vomiting

50
Q

Infants fed human milk may benefit from zinc supplementation after 6 months of age

A

AAP recommends intake of 1-3 mg/kg/day-can be received by use of preterm formulas and HM fortifiers

51
Q

Iodine-

A

trace mineral essential for the synthesis of thyroid hormones T4 and T3; rapidly absorbed and removed from the body; can also be absorbed through the skin from topical applications;

52
Q

Iodine content in food depends on the iodine content of the soil and water that were used to grow them (ocean fish and mollusks, iodized salt, human milk content depends on the moms intake and human and milk-based formulas and bovine milk are good formulas

A

Inadequate intake of iodine= goiter, mental retardation, hypothyroidism, cretinism, growth and developmental abnormalities)

53
Q

excessive iodine intake

A

not sufficiently studied, only source be food and formula during 1st yr of life

54
Q

Fluoride=dietary mineral associated with the prevention of dental caries and stimulation of new bone formation

A

present in saliva and dental plaque, in young chidren, as much as 80% can be retained by the developing skeleton and teeth

55
Q

Few foods contain fluoride naturally

A

marine fish and some teas; artificially fluronatedwater supplies; (beverages made with fluronated water, casual ingestion of fluroide toothpaste; mouth rinse and supplements

56
Q

Fluroride content varies greatly

A

human milk depends on the mothers intake; formula depends on the water content for reconstitution

57
Q

inadequate intake of fluoride places yo at risk for dental caries

A

excessive intake results in varying degree of fluorsis

58
Q

Omega 3 Fatty Acids

A

important for visual and neurological development; protection from inflammation, optimal immune function, decreasing the risk for a variety of chronic degenerative diseases

59
Q

Primarily found naturally in some oils such as canola and flax seed and meats and eggs

A

Content in human milk depends on moms diet; formula content usually low; formulas make with corn, coconut, safflower and soy oils

60
Q

Inadequate intake of Omega 3 fatty acid intakes

A

some evidence supports the benefit of micronutrient in areas of cognitive and behavioral performance; more study needed

61
Q

In Summary: Supplementation with certain micronutrients is important and may actually improve the health of some infants and children

A

Especially true in the most critical at-risk children-preterm, LBW and/or Children living in endemic regions

2015 Spring 307 Midterm (7 decks)

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