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Discrete MCAT Questions > O Chem > Flashcards

O Chem Flashcards

1
Q

What is the common name for ethanal?

A

Acetaldehyde

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2
Q

What is the common name for methanal?

A

Formaldehyde

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3
Q

What is the common name for ethanol?

A

Ethyl alcohol

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4
Q

What is the common name of 2-propanol?

A

Isopropyl alcohol

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5
Q

What is the common name of proprionaldehyde?

A

Propanal

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6
Q

What is a terminal functional group?

A

Found at the ends of carbon backbones. The carbons to which they are attached to is normally designated carbon 1.
Aldehydes and carboxylic acids are known as terminal functional groups

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7
Q

What provides the suffix of the molecule?

A

The highest priority functional group in the molecule becomes a component of the backbone and provides the suffix.

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8
Q

What is the suffix for an alcohol?

A

-ol

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9
Q

What is the suffix for a ketone?

A

-one

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10
Q

What is the suffix for an alkyne?

A

-yne

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11
Q

What is the suffix for a carboxylic acid?

A

-oic acid

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12
Q

What is the suffix for an aldehyde?

A

-al

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13
Q

What are the priority rankings for functional groups?

A 
Carboxylic acid (highest priority) 
Ester
Amide 
Nitrile
Aldehyde
Ketone
Alcohol
Amine 
Alkene
Alkyne 
Alkane 
Ether
Alkyl Halide
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14
Q

How do you correctly number an alkane?

A

Locate the longest carbon chain.

And give the alkyl groups the lowest possible numbers

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15
Q

The common names for the aldehydes and carboxylic acids that contain only one carbon start with what prefix?

A

Form-

Such as in the common name for methanoic acid (formic acid) and methanol(formaldehyde)

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16
Q

Substituent are organized

A

Alphabetically not numerically

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17
Q

Order of the metric units

A 
Tetra (T) 10^12
Giga (G) 10^9
Mega (M) 10^6
Kilo (k) 10^3
Base unit (gram, meter, liter) 10^0
Deci (d) 10^-1
Centi (c) 10^-2
Milli (m) 10^-3
Micro (u) 10^-6
Nano (n) 10^-9
Pico (p) 10^-12
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18
Q

How do you know how many stereoisomers a molecule has?

A

The max number of stereoisomers of a compound equals 2^n where n is the number of chiral carbons in the compound

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19
Q

What is a meso compound?

A

Compound that contains chiral centers but has an internal plane of symmetry.

Optical inactive

20
Q

What conformation gives the least amount of steric chain?

A

A chair confirmation in with the two equatorial functional groups are trans to each other. The axial hydrogens don’t have to compete with the hydrogens in the functional groups.

21
Q

Relative configuration

A

Configuration of a molecule in relation to other atoms on the same molecule, in relation to other molecules or in relation to another form of the same molecule.

To retain relative configuration the bonds of the stereo center can’t be broken

22
Q

Absolute configuration

A

Spatial arrangement of atoms of a chiral molecular entity (R and S)

To retain absolute configuration both reactant and product must be the same (R or S)

23
Q

What are disasteromers?

A

Non mirror images of each other. For example trans and cis

24
Q

Enantiomers

A

Non superimposable mirror images

R and S

25
Q

Structural isomers

A

Compounds with same molecular formula but different atomic connections

26
Q

What does E and Z refer to?

A

E is trans
And Z is cis

If two of the same molecules are E and Z then they are considered diastereomers

27
Q

Constitutional isomer

A

Have same molecular formula but different atomic connectivity

28
Q

Conformational isomers

A

Isomers can be interconverted just by rotations about formally single bonds.

Have same configuration

Where the Newman projection comes in

29
Q

Equation for specific rotation

A

[alpha]=alpha observed / c•L

Alpha=specific rotation in degrees
c=concentration (units are g/mL)
L=path length (units=dm)
Alpha observed=observed rotation (units=degrees)

Clockwise rotation (dextrorotatory) is considered positive.

1cm=0.1dm

30
Q

A carbon atom participates in one double bond. As such, this carbon contains orbital with:

A

Hybridization between the s orbital and two p orbitals. A double bond has one sigma bond and one pi bond.

In a carbon with one double bond, sp2 hybridization occurs.

31
Q

A triple bonded atom is

A

Sp hybridized

There are two pi bonds and one sigma bond of

32
Q

What hybridization does the Be atom in BeH2 assume?

A

Sp
Beryllium only has two electrons in its valence shell. When it forms bonds to two hydrogens it requires two hybridized orbitals meaning that its hybridization must be sp.

33
Q

Two atomic orbitals may combine to form

A

A bonding molecular orbital
An antibonding molecular orbital
Hybridized orbitals

34
Q

Molecular orbitals can contain a maximum of

A

Two electrons

35
Q

Pi bonds are formed by which orbitals?

A

Two unhybridized p orbitals

36
Q

What can a sigma bond be formed by?

A

Head to head overlap of two s orbital, two p orbitals, one s orbital and one p orbital, or hybridized orbitals.

37
Q

The four C-H bonds of CH4 point toward the vertices of a tetrahedron. This indicates the hybridization of the carbon atom in Methane is

A

Sp3

Tetrahedron means angle between bonds is 109.5 which is a characteristic of sp3 orbitals

38
Q

Why is a single bond stronger than a pi bond

A

S orbitals have more overlap than p orbitals.

Bond strength is determined by degree of orbital overlap. Greater the overlap the greater the bond strength.

Hence why sp3 is very stable and lots of atoms have this

39
Q

The s character of the carbon atom in HCN is

A

50%s and 50%p

The carbon bond in hydrogen cyanide is triple bonded and because triple bonds require two unhybridized p orbitals, the carbon must be sp hybridized
Sp orbitals have 50 percent s character and 50 percent p character

40
Q

Resonance structure describes

A

A potential arrangement of electrons in a molecule

41
Q

An electron is known to be in the n=4 shell and L=2 sub shell. How many possible combinations of quantum numbers could this electron have?

A

Can have five different values for ml: -2,-1,0,1,2
In each of these orbitals, electrons can have positive or negative spin. Thus there are 5x2=10 possible combinations of quantum numbers for this electron

42
Q

Compared to single bonds, triple bonds are

A

More rigid

43
Q

Common strong reducing agents

A

Include metals, potassium, calcium, barium, sodium and magnesium and also compounds that contain the H- ion, those being NaH, LiH, LiAlH4, CaH2

44
Q

Strong oxidizing agents

A 
O2,
F2, Cl2, Br2, I2
MnO4-
Cr2O7^2-
HNO3
H2O2
45
Q

SN1 reactions show first order kinetics because

A

The rate limiting step only involves one molecule

46
Q

Reactivity of carboxylic acid derivatives

A

Dictates how reactive they are towards nucleophliic attack

Anhydrides >carboxylic acids and esters>amides

This means that derivatives of higher reactivities can form derivatives of lower reactivates but not vice versa

Discrete MCAT Questions (6 decks)

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