o'chem flashcards unit 3 pt1

Question 1

Enzymes are biological catalyst that?

Answer 1

1) Increase the rate of reaction

2)Does not change in the process/Not used up

3) lower the activation rate

Question 2

What is an active site

pocket

Answer 2

A pocket in an enzyme with a specific shape necessary to bind a substrate

Question 3

What is is substrate

Answer 3

A reactant in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction

Question 4

What is specificty?

limit

Answer 4

The limitation of activity of an enzyme to a specific substrate

Question 5

How does an enzyme work?

Answer 5

1) Bring substrate and catalytic site together

2) Hold substrate @ exact distance and oriantaion

3) Provide acidic or basic reuired for catalysis

4) lower energy barrier by inducing strains in bonds

Question 6

How does enzymes work?

Answer 6

Proximity effect
Orientation efect
Catalytic effect
Energy effect

Question 7

What are the 2 theories regarding enzyme - substrate binding?

Answer 7

Lock and key model
Induced fit model

Question 8

what is the lock and key theory

shape an polarity

Answer 8

the active site is specific to a substrate shape and polarity, so only the correct substrate can bind

Question 9

lock and key model

Answer 9

only correct substrate can bind

Question 10

induced fit model

Answer 10

active site changes to better bind to the substrate

Question 11

what is the difference a catalyst and an enzyme

Answer 11

catalyst are substances
Enzymes are proteins or RNA molecule

Both speeds up the rate of a reaction and is not changed by the reaction.

Question 12

What is does oxidoreductases do?

Answer 12

oxidation and reduction

Question 13

what is transferases

Answer 13

transfer of an amino group between substrates

Question 14

hydolases

Answer 14

braking bonds with addition of h20

Question 15

look at double bonds

lysases

Answer 15

eliminating double bonds or creating double bonds with functional groups

Question 16

ligases

Answer 16

bonding together of 2 substrate molecule

Question 17

ph

Answer 17

changing ph outside the range can slow enzyme activity

exterme PH can denature

Question 18

temperature

Answer 18

raising temp speeds up reaction, lowering temp slows down reaction

Question 19

Enzyme Concentration

Answer 19

Increase in a liner form, increase concentration, speeds up reaction

Question 20

substrate concentration

Answer 20

Increaseing substate increases activity until saturated

Question 21

what is covalent modification

Answer 21

these are active enzymes that becoms less active. The addition of methylation, acetylation, glycostation or phosphorylation

Question 22

enzymes that are inactive are called

Answer 22

zymogens

Question 23

feedback control

Answer 23

End product or final product inhibits metabolic pathway

Question 24

allosteric enzymes

Answer 24

Binds to a site that is different from the active site
Changes the shape of the enzyme

Question 25

structure similar to the substarte that competes with the substrate for active site

Answer 25

competitive inhibitor

Question 26

this does not compete for the active site, it prevents reaction from occuring

Answer 26

non competitive inhibitor

Question 27

the activiation or deactivation of a particular group on polypeptidechain that are formed or broken. It is a reversiable phosphorylation/dephosorylation

Answer 27

covalent modification

Question 28

A nerve cell

Answer 28

Neuron

Question 29

A chemical messenger between a neuron and another target cell; a neuron, muscle cell or cell of a gland

Answer 29

Neurotransmitter

Question 30

A chemical messenger released by an endocrine gland into the bloodstream and transported therein to reach its target cell.

Answer 30

Hormone

Question 31

the maintenance of a constant internal environment in the body

Answer 31

Homeostasis

Question 32

four classes of chemical messengers

Answer 32

Cholinergic messengers- Acetylcholine (ACh) is the main cholinergic messenger – Amino acid messengers – Adrenergic messengers – Peptidergic messengers – Steroid messengers

Question 33

Acetylcholine

Answer 33

Control of skeletal muscles widely distributed in the brain, plays a role in the sleep–wake cycle

Question 34

Amino acid messenger

Answer 34

Excitatory Nurotransimtter Inhibitory Neurotransmitters

Question 35

Adrenergic Messengers

Answer 35

Chemical messengers, Epinephrine, Histidine and dopamine

Question 36

Peptidergic Messengers ## Footnote look for the dots

Answer 36

largest class of hormones look for the dots they are on the exterior of the cell

Question 37

Insulin

Answer 37

accelerates uptake and utilization of glucose in muscles, it accelerates formation of glycogen in fatty tissue, it stimulates storage of triacylglycerols

Question 38

produced from cholesterol. * male sex hormones, testosterone and androsterone. * female sex hormones, estrogens and progesterone.

Answer 38

Steroid hormones

Question 39

What are the diferences between neurotransmitter and hormone?

Answer 39

Physiologyical not chemical. Neurotransmitter-Between neuron and another target Hormone-released into the blood stream, transported therein to reach target cell.

Question 40

Identify group that this belong

Answer 40

transferase

Question 41

Identify the group that this belongs

Answer 41

hydrolase

Question 42

Identify the group that this belongs

Answer 42

lyase

Question 43

which group does this belong

Answer 43

isomerase

Question 44

Isoleucine is a noncompetitive inhibitor of one of these enzymes. Which is the one that is most effectively inhibited by Ile? ## Footnote The initial enzyme

Answer 44

E1

Question 45

Answer 45

increase to a fix value

Question 46

The regulator binds to the enzyme at a site that is not the active site and modifies the active site.

Answer 46

allosteric regulator

Question 47

The location within an enzyme where reactant(s) bind and the reaction is catalyzed is called the

Answer 47

active site

Question 48

This regulator changes shape of the active site to allow the substrate to bind more effectively

Answer 48

positive allosteric regulation

Question 49

the regulator changes shape of the active site to prevent/inhibits binding of the substrate

Answer 49

negative regulator

Question 50

level of the **end product** is low, dissociates, unblocking the active sites

Answer 50

feedback control

Question 51

What happens when the product concentration is high?

Answer 51

The product binds to the alloesteic site E1 and product is stopped or reduced

Question 52

What happens when production is low?

Answer 52

The product dissociates from E1 and resumes production

Question 53

Fat-soluble vitamins

Answer 53

A, D, E, and K and are not involved as coenzymes in catalytic reactions.

Question 54

Functions of fat soluble vitamins

Answer 54

1. soluble in lipids but not in aqueous solutions. 2. are stored in the body and not eliminated in urine. 3. are important in vision, bone formation, antioxidants, and blood clotting.

Question 55

What are antioxidant

Answer 55

An antioxidant is a substance that prevents oxidation by reacting with an oxidizing agen

Question 56

The dietary antioxidants are?

Answer 56

vitamin C, vitamin E, and the mineral selenium.

Question 57

What type of enzyme will catalyze this reaction?

Answer 57

Oxidoreductase

Question 58

What type of enzyme will catalyze this reaction?

Answer 58

Isomerase

Question 59

What type of enzyme will catalyze this reaction?

Answer 59

Hydrolase

Question 60

What environmental factor(s) exhibit a direct, linear relationship with enzyme activity?

Answer 60

enzyme concentration