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O1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Rule of 2 of Meckel’s Diverticulum

A 
2 inches long
2 ft. From ileocecal valve
2% of population
2 years old
2 types of epithelia (gastric, pancreatic)
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2
Q

Opportunistic fungal infections

A
  1. Candida
  2. Aspergillus
  3. Pneumocystis
  4. Cryptococcus
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3
Q

Types of collagen

A

I- bONE
II- carTWOlage
III- 3ticulin (reticulin)
IV- FLOOR (basement membrane)

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4
Q

Glucose transporter

A

Glut 1: RBC, Brain
Glut 2: pancreas, liver, kidney, small intestine
Glut 4: adipose tissue, skeletal muscle

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5
Q

Types of Medical Fees

A
  1. Pakyaw or Straight Fee
  2. Retainer fee
  3. Contingent fee
  4. Simple fee
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6
Q

Cardiac cycle

A 
1.  Atrial contraction
2  Isovolumetric contraction
3. Systolic ejection
4. Isovolumertic relaxation
5. Rapid ventricular filling
6. Reduced ventricular filling
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7
Q

Right to left shunts: cyanotic heart disease

A
  1. Truncus arteriosus
  2. Transposition of great vessels
  3. Tricuspid atresia
  4. Tetralogy of fallot
  5. TAPVR
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8
Q

Left to Right shunts

A

VSD: pansystolic murmur
ASD: fixed split S2
PDA: continuous machinery like murmur

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9
Q

Tetralogy of fallot

A
  1. RVH
  2. Pulmonic valve stenosis
  3. VSD
  4. Overriding aorta
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10
Q

Steps in protein synthesis

A

Initiation -> Elongation -> Termination

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11
Q

Start codon

A

AUG

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12
Q

Stop codon

A

UAA
UAG
UGA

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13
Q

Hesselbach’s triangle:

A
  1. epigastric vessels
  2. inguinal ligament
  3. lateral borders of rectus abdominis
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14
Q

Triangle of Calot:

A
  1. cystic duct
  2. common hepatic duct
  3. inferior border of the liver

significance: Cystic artery

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15
Q

Types of necrosis

A
  1. coagulative
  2. liquefactive
  3. casseous
  4. fatty
  5. fibrinoid
  6. gangrenous
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16
Q

Transudate vs. Exudate

A

Transudate:
• HYPOcellular
• Protein POOR
• SG: < 1.012
• Due to:
1. increased hydrostatic pressure (ex. Heart failure)
2. decreased oncotic pressure (ex. Nephrotic syndrome)

Exudate:
• HYPERcellular
• Protein RICH
• SG: > 1.012
• Due to:
1. inflammation, Cancer, PTB
2. obstruction
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17
Q

Double bubble sign in xray

A

Duodenal atresia

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18
Q

BILE components

A
  • Lecithin
  • Bile acid/ Bilirubin
  • Cholesterol

Absorption-> Terminal ileum

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19
Q

Plummer Vinson Syndrome

Study These Flashcards
A

Dysphagia
Anemia
Glossitis

20
Q

APPENDICITIS: Stages

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A
  1. Congestive
  2. Suppurative
  3. Gangrenous
  4. Rupture
21
Q

PHARMACOKINETICS

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A

What the body does to the drug

  1. Bioavailability
  2. Volume of Distribution
  3. Half life
  4. Clearance
22
Q

TUMOR Markers

Study These Flashcards
A 
PSA- Prostate
CA-125- ovarian
CEA- Colon 
S-100- neuro
AFP- Liver 
ALP- bone
B-HCG- GTD’s 
CA-15-3- Breast
CA 19-9 - Parncreatic
23
Q

HYPERSENSITIVITY Reaction

Study These Flashcards
A

I- Anaphylactic (allergic reactions)
II- Immune mediated (goodpasture, ITP)
III- Cell mediated (SLE, Serum sickness, GVHD)
IV- Delayed (GB, Contact derm, TB)

24
Q

Transplant rejection

Study These Flashcards
A

HYPERACUTE - within minutes
ACUTE - within weeks
CHRONIC - within months
GVHD - varies

25
Cell Types:
1. Permanent Cells 2. Stable (Quiescent) Cells 3. Labile cells
26
5 STAR PHYSICIAN:
1. Medical Researcher 2. Health Educator 3. Health Leader 4. Health Care Provider 5. Social Mobilizer
27
5 TYPES OF IMMUNOGLOBULIN:
``` IgG IgA IgM IgE IgD ```
28
Oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve
SHIFT TO THE LEFT: 1. Decreased temperature 2. Decreased altitude 3. Decreased pCO2 4. Decreased 2,3 DPG 5. Fetal Hemoglobin 6. INCREASED pH SHIFT TO THE RIGHT: 1. Increased temperature 2. Increased altitude 3. Increased pCO2 4. Increased 2,3 DPG 5. DECREASED pH
29
Gastric Cells and their Secretions:
Mucus cells- Mucus G cells- Gastrin Chief cells- pepsinogen Parietal cells- HCl and IF
30
10 MEDICINAL PLANTS:
1. Sambong: diuretic and anti-urolithiasis 2. Akapulko: fungal dermatitis; scabies 3. Niyug-niyogan: ascariasis 4. Tsaang gubat: abdominal pain 5. Ampalaya: DM 6. Lagundi: cough and asthma 7. Ulasimang bato: anti-gout 8. Bayabas: wound cleaning; mouth sore 9. Bawang: lowers cholesterol 10. Yerba Buena: body ache; pain
31
SOURCES OF INFECTION IN SURGICAL PATIENTS:
1. Indwelling catheter/IV 2. UTI, SSS 3. Sinusitis 4. Clostroidium difficile enteritis 5. Diverticulitis 6. Perforated PUD
32
PRIMITIVE REFLEXES:
1. Moro reflex 2. Rooting reflex 3. Sucking reflex 4. Palmar and plantar reflex 5. Babinski reflex 6. Gallant reflex
33
STRAP MUSCLES:
Sternohyoid Sternothyroi Superior body of omohyoid
34
HAGMA
MUDPILES ``` Methanol Uremia DKA Infection, Iron, Isoniazid, Inborn errors of metabolism Lactic acidosis Ethylene glycol Salicylates, Sympathomimetics ```
35
NAGMA
HAARDUP ``` Hyperalimentation Acetazolamide, Amphotericin B Renal Tubular acidosis Diarrhea Ureterosigmoidostomy Pancreatic fistula ```
36
MALE AND FEMALE GENITAL HOMOLOGUE
Glans penis- Glans clitoris Corpus cavernosum and spongiosum- vestibular bulbs Bulbourethral glands of Cowper- Greater vestibular glands of Bartholin Prostate gland- Urethral and Paraurethral glands of Skene Ventral shaft of penis- Labia minora Scrotum- Labia majora
37
TOP 5 CAUSES OF ATRIAL FIBRILLATION:
1. Ethanol ingestion: Holiday heart syndrome 2. Valvular heart disease 3. Ischemic heart disease 4. Cardiomyopathy 5. Thyrotoxicosis
38
CHARCOT’S TRIAD:
1. Fever 2. RUQ pain 3. Jaundice
39
Reynold's Pentad
1. Fever 2. RUQ pain 3. Jaundice 4. Change in sensorium 5. Hypotension (shock)
40
BENIGN THYROID DISEASES:
1. Grave’s disease 2. Plummer’s disease 3. Chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis 4. Giant cell thyroiditis
41
MALIGNANT THYROID DISEASES:
1. Papillary carcinoma: 80% best prognosis 2. Follicular carcinoma: 10% unicentric 3. Medullary carcinoma: 5% 4. Anaplastic carcinoma: poor prognosis
42
JONES Criteria for Acute Rheumatic Fever
Major manifestation: ``` "J"oint - Polyarthritis, migratory O (heart) - Carditis "N"eurologic -sydenham Chorea "E"rythema marginatum "S"ubcutaneous nodules ``` Minor manifestation: 1. Clinical findings: arthralgia and fever 2. Lab findings: increased Acute phase reactants, prolonged PR interval
43
DUKES Criteria for Infective Endocarditis
Major Criteria: 1. Positive blood culture results for IE 2. Positive echocardiographic study MINOR criteria: 1. Predisposing heart condition 2. Fever >38.0C 3. Vascular phenomena
44
ECG:
P wave: atrial depolarization PR interval: conduction delay through AV node QRS complex: ventricular depolarization T wave: ventricular repolarization
45
ECG changes in MI:
1. ST elevation: transmural infarct 2. Pathologic Q waves: transmural infarct 3. ST depression: subendocardial infarct

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