OB Chapter 1,2,4,5

Question 1

What are the four key ethical principles in maternity and pediatric nursing?

Answer 1

Autonomy, Beneficence, Nonmaleficence, Justice.

Question 2

What is autonomy in healthcare ethics?

Answer 2

The right to control one’s body and make personal decisions.

Question 3

What does beneficence mean?

Answer 3

Acting in kindness for the benefit of others (e.g., free vaccinations).

Question 4

What does nonmaleficence mean?

Answer 4

“Do no harm”—minimizing harm while providing care.

Question 5

What is justice in healthcare ethics?

Answer 5

Fairness in treatment and resource allocation (e.g., equal prenatal care access).

Question 6

What is the difference between consent and assent in pediatric care?

Answer 6

Consent: Legal guardian must sign for children under 18. Assent: Child (7+ years) gives verbal agreement but guardian still consents.

Question 7

When can a pregnant teenager make her own medical decisions?

Answer 7

If married → Emancipated minor (can make decisions). If unmarried → Not emancipated (needs guardian consent).

Question 8

What are the children’s rights in healthcare?

Answer 8

• Right to Provisions: Safe living, health care, education, clean water, appropriate diets, adequate rest, sleep, play, and recreation. * Right to Protection: Protection from abuse, exploitation, neglect, discrimination. * Right to Participation: Inclusion in community and social activities.

Question 9

What are family rights in healthcare?

Answer 9

• Right to Full Participation in care decisions. * Right to Active Participation in cultural beliefs & practices. * Right to Visitation & Family Involvement. * Right to Have Interpretation Services. * Right to Receive Emergency Treatment Regardless of Ability to Pay. * Right to Refuse Care from Students. * Right to Decline Participation in Research Studies.

Question 10

What anatomical differences increase the risk of airway occlusion in infants?

Answer 10

Large occiput.

Question 11

What is cultural awareness?

Answer 11

Developing sensitivity to and awareness of different beliefs and values.

Question 12

What is cultural sensitivity?

Answer 12

Displaying culturally appropriate behaviors.

Question 13

What is cultural competence?

Answer 13

Being able to function effectively in different cultural settings.

Question 14

What are health disparities?

Answer 14

Differences in access to healthcare, disease rates, or health outcomes among groups.

Question 15

What are social determinants of health?

Answer 15

• Education & Health Literacy * Economic Stability (Income, Employment) * Housing & Neighborhood Safety * Access to Healthcare & Nutritious Food * Community Support & Resources

Question 16

What is the importance of health literacy?

Answer 16

Low health literacy can lead to poor health outcomes.

Question 17

What are basic guidelines when using an interpreter?

Answer 17

• Use a professional interpreter (not family members). * Make eye contact with the patient, not the interpreter. * Use short, clear sentences. * Consider gender preference for cultural sensitivity.

Question 18

What does FSH do?

Answer 18

Stimulates follicle growth in ovaries (female) & sperm production (male).

Question 19

What does LH do?

Answer 19

Triggers ovulation & testosterone production.

Question 20

What does testosterone do?

Answer 20

Supports sperm development & male characteristics.

Question 21

What happens during the follicular phase?

Answer 21

• FSH stimulates follicle development. * Estrogen thickens uterine lining. * LH surge at day 14 triggers ovulation.

Question 22

What happens during the luteal phase?

Answer 22

• Corpus luteum forms, secretes progesterone. * If no fertilization, corpus luteum degenerates → menstruation begins.

Question 23

What are the three types of pregnancy signs?

Answer 23

Presumptive, Probable, Positive.

Question 24

What are presumptive signs of pregnancy?

Answer 24

Missed period, nausea, fatigue, breast tenderness.

Question 25

What are probable signs of pregnancy?

Answer 25

* Goodell’s Sign – Softening of the cervix. * Chadwick’s Sign – Bluish discoloration of the cervix/vagina. * Hegar’s Sign – Softening of the lower uterus. * Ballottement – Fetus bounces away when cervix is pushed. * Positive pregnancy test (hCG detection).

Question 26

What are positive signs of pregnancy?

Answer 26

Ultrasound confirmation, fetal heartbeat (Doppler), fetal movement felt by examiner.

Question 27

What develops in the first trimester (Weeks 1-12)?

Answer 27

* Neural tube forms. * Heartbeat starts at week 6. * Sex can be determined by week 12.

Question 28

What occurs in the second trimester (Weeks 13-28)?

Answer 28

* Fetal movement (quickening) felt. * Fingers, fingerprints, and eyebrows form. * Urine production begins.

Question 29

What happens in the third trimester (Weeks 29-40)?

Answer 29

* Rapid weight gain. * Lung maturity increases (surfactant production). * Fetus moves into birthing position.

Question 30

What is PUPPP?

Answer 30

Pruritic urticarial papules & plaques of pregnancy—itchy rash in 3rd trimester.

Question 31

What cardiovascular changes occur in pregnancy?

Answer 31

* Increased blood volume & heart rate. * Increased risk of DVTs due to higher fibrinogen levels. * Varicose veins & hemorrhoids from uterus pressure on veins.

Question 32

What is vena caval syndrome? How is it prevented?

Answer 32

Hypotension caused by lying supine. Solution: Lie on the left side.

Question 33

What are common GI issues in pregnancy and their interventions?

Answer 33

* Nausea/Vomiting → Eat small meals, avoid strong smells. * Heartburn → Avoid lying down after eating, eat small meals. * Constipation → Drink water, eat fiber, stay active.

Question 34

What skin changes occur during pregnancy?

Answer 34

* Melasma ("Mask of Pregnancy") → Wear SPF to prevent worsening. * Linea Nigra → Dark line on abdomen, fades postpartum.

Question 35

What are Reva Rubin’s four maternal tasks?

Answer 35

* Seeking Safe Passage → Ensuring safe pregnancy & birth. * Securing Acceptance → Support from partner & family. * Giving Up Self → Adjusting to maternal identity. * Committing to the Child → Preparing for birth & bonding.

Question 36

What is Couvade syndrome?

Answer 36

When the partner experiences pregnancy-like symptoms (e.g., nausea, weight gain).

Question 37

What psychological challenges do teenage pregnancies pose?

Answer 37

Higher stress, secrecy, late prenatal care, peer influence, and financial struggles.