OB/GYN Final Flashcards
1
Q
- What is the ligament that extends from cornua of uterus to the ovary?
A
Ovarian Ligament
Pg. 298 Review Book
2
Q
- What are the vessels found in the periphery of the uterus?
A
Arcuate arteries
Pg. 298 Review Book
3
Q
- What are the muscles that abut the lateral walls of the bladder called?
A
Obturator internus
Pg. 297 Review book
4
Q
- What is the adnexa?
A
The region including the fallopian tube and the ovary.
Pg. 296 Review Book
5
Q
- A clover leaf cranium is associated with?
A
Thanatophoric Dysplasia type 2
Pg. 395 Review Book
6
Q
- Which major abnormalities are related to gender (one for male and one for female)?
A
Posterior Urethral Valve Obstruction (Keyhole bladder)
-Male predominance
-Urine is unable to pass through the urethra.
-Results in the over distention of the urinary bladder
Pg. 393 Review Book
Turner's Syndrome -Female predominance -Chromosomal syndrome where there is a complete or partial absence of an X chromosome. -Occurs one in 2500-5000 live births -Often fatal condition Pg. 214 ESP
7
Q
- Blood vessels and nerves can be found within this ligament
A
Broad Ligament
Pg. 945 Hagen-Ansert
8
Q
- What might we be seeing if the space between the placenta and the uterus is no longer visualized?
A
Placenta accreta
Quizlet
9
Q
- What are the measurements we perform on a fetus? What are the parameters of each of these?
A
Biparietal Diameter (BPD)
- Performed at the level of the thalamus, and cavum septum pellucidum
- Calipers are placed outer edge to inner edge
- First measurable between 10-12 weeks
Head Circumference (HC)
- Measured at the same level as BPD
- Should not include scalp echoes
Abdominal Circumference (AC)
- Performed at the level of the stomach and left portal sinus and umbilical vein
- Measurement is taken along skin line to include soft tissue and subcutaneous fat
- Least reliable measurement after 25 weeks due to significant variations in size
Femur Length (FL)
- Includes only ossified diaphysis and not the epiphyseal cartilage
- If femur length falls more than 2 SD below the mean, skeletal dysplasia may be present and other long bones should be measured.
Pg. 174-175 ESP
10
Q
- What is the best method for evaluating gestational age?
A
Crown Rump Length up to 12 weeks GA.
Biometry: Femur length (accurate) Then BPD (as accurate as FL) :most accurate after 12 weeks
Head circumference
Abdominal circumference : least reliable after 25 weeks
pg. 1151 Hagen-Ansert
11
Q
- What might we mistake for bilateral, symmetrical masses in the adnexa? (Hint: muscle)
A
Piriformis muscles
pg. 969 Hagen-Ansert
12
Q
- What is HIPPA?
A
Safeguarding everyone’s personal medical information.
Health Insurance Portability Accountability Act
13
Q
- What are the components of a biophysical profile? (Be specific)
A
Fetal breathing movements
-Continuous episode of movement lasting at least 30 seconds within a 30 minute period
Gross Body Movement
-At least 3 discrete episodes of fetal body and/or limb movement over 30 minute period
Fetal Tone
-One episode of limb flexion/extension within a 30 minute period
Amniotic Fluid
-At least one pocket of amniotic fluid measuring 2 cm in vertical axis
Non-stress Test (NST)
- Demonstration of reactive fetal heart rate, consisting of 2 episodes of acceleration >15 bpm for 15 seconds over 30 minute time frame
- Not done by sonographer
Each of these will receive 2 points if they are visualized
Pg. 177 ESP
14
Q
- What are the three phases of the endometrium?
A
1) Menstrual Phase:
- Days 1-5, functional layer undergoes necrosis from decrease in estrogen and progesterone levels.
- Endometrium:
- Early phase- Hypoechoic central line during menstruation (4-8mm)
- Late phase- Thin, discrete, hyperechoic line post-menstruation (2-3m)
2) Proliferation Phase:
- Days 6-14, increasing estrogen levels regenerate the functional layer. Coincides with follicular phase of ovary.
- Endometrium:
- Early phase- days 6-9, thin echogenic endometrium (4-6mm)
- Late phase- days 10-14, triple line appearance (6-10mm), thick hypoechoic functional layer and hyperechoic basal layer “Three-line sign”
3) Secretory phase:
- Days 15-28, functional layer continues to thicken (reaching max thickness), progesterone level increase stimulates changes in endometrium. Prepares for possible implantation of fertilized ovum. In absence of fertilization, implantation, and hCG production, the cycle starts again.
- Endometrium: Functional layer appears hyperechoic, basal layer appears hypoechoic, may demonstrate posterior acoustic enhancement. Greatest thickness in this phase (7-14 or 14-16mm)
Pg. 317-319 Review book, & pg. 24-25 ESP
15
Q
- When we draw AFP levels, they will vary according to what?
A
Gestational age
Quizlet
16
Q
- What is a monochorionic/ monoamniotic pregnancy?
A
Zygote splits 10-14 days postfertilization
Two or more fetuses in a single gestational sac
No membrane
Pg. 404 Review Book
17
Q
- What is a monochorionic/ diamniotic pregnancy?
A
Zygote splits 5-10 days after fertilization
Two or more individual gestational sacs with shared placenta
Three-layer membrane (moderately thick)
Pg. 404 Review Book
18
Q
- What is a dichorionic/ diamniotic pregnancy?
A
Zygote splits within 3-5 days of fertilization.
Two or more individual gestational sacs and placentas
Thick membrane (4 layers)
Most common type of twins
Pg. 404 Review Book
19
Q
- Symmetrical IUGR is?
A
Usually the result of a first trimester insult, such as chromosomal abnormality or infection.
Fetus is proportionately small throughout the pregnancy
Approximately 20-30% of all cases of IUGR are symmetric.
Pg. 1159 Hagen-Ansert
20
Q
- Asymmetrical IUGR is?
A
Begins late in the second or third trimester and usually results from placental insufficiency.
Fetus usually shows head sparing at the expense of abdominal and soft tissue growth. (Normal head circumference and femur length, small abdominal circumference)
Maternal risk factors:
- Hypertension (most common)
- Poor nutrition
- Alcohol and drug abuse
Pg. 1159 Hagen-Ansert
Pg. 380 Review Book
21
Q
- What is twin to twin transfusion syndrome?
A
Exists when there is an arteriovenous shunt within the placenta.
The arterial blood of one twin is pumped into the venous system of the other twin
Donor Twin:
-IUGR
Oligohydramnios
Recipient Twin:
- Large for dates
- Polyhydramnios
- Hydrops
Both twins are at risk of dying
Pg. 405 Review Book & Beth’s Exam Review PPT
22
Q
- What is the role of the ductus arteriosus?
A
Communicating structure that carries oxygenated blood from the pulmonary artery to the descending aorta; closes after birth
Hagen-Ansert
23
Q
- What is the role of the ductus venosus?
A
Vascular structure within the fetal liver that connects the umbilical vein to the IVC and allows oxygenated blood to bypass the liver and return directly to the heart.
Hagen-Ansert
24
Q
- What is the rare benign ovarian neoplasm that post-menopausal women can sometimes have?
A
Thecoma
P 1024 Hagen
25
25. Where would we specifically see hydranencephaly within the fetal brain?
anterior portion of the brain. (pretty much the whole brain is distroyed except the mid brain and cerebellum)
Pg. 1306 Hagen-Ansert
Cerebral cortex
Quizlet
26
26. What is Dandy-Walker Malformation? What associations do we see with this?
A complete or partial absence of the cerebellar vermis, resulting in dilation of the fourth ventricle and enlargement of the posterior fossa.
80% of fetuses with this will have hydrocephalus.
Associated with ventriculomegaly and polyhydramnios
Can be a result of some autosomal recessive syndromes, maternal infection, diabetes, and exposure to alcohol and Coumadin
Pg. 131 ESP
Enlarged posterior fossa and absence of the cerebellar vermis
Quizlet answer
27
27. In what phase of the endometrial cycle will the endometrium be the thinnest?
Late menstrual phase
Pg. 317 Review Book
28
28. With the normal herniation of the fetal bowel into the umbilical cord, this will allow what to take place?
The midgut grows faster than the abdominal cavity due to the increased size of the liver and kidneys. umbilication hernia begins around 8th week and returns by 12 week.
Pg. 1324 Hagen-Ansert
29
29. What is osteogenesis imperfecta?
- Disorder of production, secretion or function of collagen leading to brittle bones, manifestations in teeth, skin and ligaments
- Four types, type two is the most lethal
- Type two: hypomineralization; significant bone shortening; narrow bell-shaped chest, multiple fractures of long bones, ribs, and spine; thin cranium
Pg. 395 Review Book
30
30. Which fibroid location is more likely to cause heavy bleeding to occur?
Submucosal
it distorts the endometrium
Pg. 332 Review book
31
31. What part of the heart lies closest to the chest wall?
Right ventricle
| Pg. 1121 Hagen-Ansert
32
32. A normal NT should not exceed what measurement?
3 mm
Pg. 357 Review Book
33
33. What placental abnormality, if severe, leads to immediate delivery?
placenta abruption
| Pg. 1234
34
34. When would we perform a chorionic vilis sampling?
Performed between 10 to 12 gestational weeks. The results are available within 1 week.
Pg. 405 Review Book
35
35. At how many weeks would we perform an amniocentesis?
Typically between 15 and 18 gestational weeks but can be performed as early as 12 weeks
Pg. 405 Review Book
36
36. When is PUBS or cordocentesis performed?
After 18 weeks
Google
37
37. If we see echogenic bowel in the second trimester, what might this mean?
Is associated with the increased risk for aneuploidy and neonatal childhood pathology.
Pg 1130 Hagen-Ansert
Down syndrome
Quizlet
38
38. What is clinodactyly?
A bend in a digit towards another digit.
Google
Overlapping digits and clenched hands pg 1392-1393 Hagen
The inward curvature of digits
Quizlet
39
39. What is the normal measurement of a post-menopausal endometrium?
Post-menopausal endometrium for a woman not on hormone replacement therapy: Less than 5 mm
On hormone replacement therapy: Up to 8 mm
Pg. 953 Hagen-Ansert
40
40. If there is fluid in the endometrium, should we include it in our measurement?
NO!
Pg. 317 Review Book
41
41. What is the abnormality that is associated with the enlargement of left ventricle?
Agenesis of the corpus callosum
| pg. 1302 Hagen-Ansert
42
42. If you do not see the fetal stomach, what is the abnormality this is associated with?
```
*esophageal atresia or tracheoesophageal fistula
diaphragmatic hernia
facial cleft
central nervous system disorders
swallowing disorders
Pg. 1344 Box 62-2 Hagen-Ansert
```
43
43. Where are the locations that an ectopic pregnancy can be located?
Adnexal:
- Fallopian Tube: ampulla (most common), isthmus, interstitial, or fimbrae
- Ovarian (rare)
Uterine:
- When fertilized ovum implants anywhere other than in the endometrial cavity
- Cornua, uterine scar, cervix
Cervical:
- Rare- 1:16,000
- Carry high risk for mortality and morbidity due to risk of hemorrhage
Abdominal:
- Rare
- Peritoneal cavity
Pg. 93 ESP
44
44. The diameter of a yolk sac should not be any bigger than ____?
6 mm
Pg. 1069 Hagen-Ansert
45
45. What are the different types of placenta previa that can occur?
Complete/ total previa
-Placenta completely covers the internal cervical os. Can be symmetric or asymmetric
Partial Previa
-Placenta partially covering internal cervical os
Marginal Previa
-Placenta is encroaching on, not crossing the os
Low Lying Placenta
-Placenta in lower uterine segment within 2 cm of internal os
Pg. 164 ESP
46
46. What is a dangling choroid associated with?
Ventriculomegaly..."the choroid plexus is shown to be 'dangling' in the dilated dependent lateral ventricle."
Hagen-pg 1098
47
47. If there is a defect in the lymphatic system, this may cause what?
Cystic hygroma
| pg. 1284 Hagen-Ansert
48
48. What does the hormone estradiol do?
Lab value that determines when the ovary is ready to ovulate
| Quizlet
49
49. Estrogen is responsible for what?
Promotes formation of female secondary sex characteristics, accelerated growth in height and metabolism, reduces muscle mass, stimulates endometrial growth and proliferation, and increases uterine growth.
Registry book page 316
50
50. What does follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) do?
Hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland that stimulates the growth and maturation of graafian follicle's and the ovary.
51
51. What is the role of luteinizing hormone?
Triggers ovulation and initiates the conversion of the residual follicle into a corpus luteum.
Registry book page 316
52
52. What does progesterone do?
Prepares the endometrium for possible implantation or starting the next menstruation cycle. Helps maintain early pregnancy.
Registry book page 316
53
53. What is an encephalocele?
Protrusion of the brain through a cranial Fissure typically located in the occipital region
54
54. What might mimic anencephaly?
Acrania
| Quizlet
55
55. What is the most common neural tube defect?
Anencephaly
Registry Review book
56
56. What is holoprosencephaly associated with?
Range of abnormalities resulting from abnormal cleavage of the prosencephalon.
Different types:
Alobar: most severe
Semi lobar: intermediate
Lobar: mildest
Associations:
Patau syndrome, Meckel-Gruber syndrome, Aicardi's syndrome, Fryns syndrome and hydroletalus syndrome.
Teratogens such as: alcohol, phenytoin, retinopathy acid, maternal diabetes, and congenital infection.
Radiation exposure and in rare instances oral contraceptives and aspirin during the 1st trimester.
Pg 1299-1301 Hagen
57
57. What are different cranial defects that we may see?
Encephalocele
| Quizlet
58
58. What does the thickness of the placenta tell us?
Placentomegaly > 4 cm thick
It can indicate maternal and fetal disorders, maternal diabetes, or Rh incompatibility
Small placenta could indicate IUGR, infection, or aneuploidy
pg. 1229 Hagen-Ansert
59
59. Abnormalities that are associated with diabetic mothers include___?
- Caudal regression syndrome
- Neural tube defects
- Cardiovascular malformations
- Genitourinary anomalies
- Single umbilical artery
- Gastrointestinal anomalies
- Skeletal anomalies
- IUGR or macrosomia
Pg. 200 ESP
60
60. Which abnormality is most frequently associated with cystic hygroma?
Turner's Syndrome?
Hagen-pg 1098
Chromosomal abnormalities
Quizlet
61
61. With ventriculomegaly, which portion of the ventricle fills up first?
Occipital horn dilates first
Review book pg 389
62
62. What is trophoblastic disease?
Also known as molar pregnancy
Condition in which trophoblastic tissue overtakes the pregnancy and propagates throughout the uterine cavity
May be partial or complete, and may be benign or malignant
Pg. 1235-1236 Hagen-Ansert
Theca lutein cysts are typically seen
Quizlet and pg. 1009 Hagen-Ansert
63
63. What is endometriosis?
- Functioning endometrial tissue is present outside the uterus.
- This ectopic tissue can be found almost anywhere in the pelvis (ovary, fallopian tube, broad lig, external surface of uterus, scattered over perimetrium, cul-de-sac, and even the bladder)
- This tissue cyclically bleeds and proliferates. Can be diffuse (more common) or localized (endometrioma)
- Endometrioma= chocolate cyst, benign, contains blood, seen in reproductive years, can be multiple
Pg. 1012 Hagen-Ansert & Beth’s PPT
64
64. What is hydrosalpinx?
Obstructed tube filled with serous fluid. Occurs secondary to PID, endometriosis, or postoperative adhesions.
Signs of low grade fever, asymptomatic to pelvic fullness or discomfort.
Hagen-pg 1030
65
65. How often do heterotopic pregnancies occur?
1 in 100....and 1 in 10,000 with an intrauterine multiple gestation
Hagen-pg 1045
66
66. Triploidy is_____?
Result of a complete extra set of chromosomes, which often occurs as a result of an ova being fertilized by two sperm.
Sonographic features:
- Heart defects
- Renal anomalies
- Omphalocele
- Cranial and facial defects
- Hydatidiform placental degeneration
Pg. 1203 & 1196 Hagen-Ansert
67
67. Know the structures with in the heart
- Left atrium is the chamber closet to the spine
- Apex of the heart points 45 degrees to the left anterior chest wall
- Right and left ventricles
- Flap of foramen ovale opens into left atrium
- Prominent moderator bands seen in apex of right ventricle
- Valves separate both atria from ventricles
- LVOT:origin of aorta arising from left ventricle
- RVOT: Pulmonary trunk arises from right ventricle
- Aortic arch (candy cane): head and neck vessels seen arising from this
- Ductal arch (hockey stick): arises more anterior in heart
Pg. 110-111 ESP
68
68. If a young girl has precocious puberty, what might be the cause of this?
Excessive exogenous synthesis of gonadal steroids (by the adrenal gland, tumors, or cysts).
Hagen-pg 729
Mass in hypothalamus, gonads, or adrenal glands
Quizlet
69
69. What is a paraovarian cyst?
Located adjacent to but not attached to the ovary.
Can range in size from 1.5-19cm.
May have septations and blood and can potentially cause torsion if large in size
Beth’s ppt.
70
70. What is the most common gynecologic malignancy in the USA?
Endometrial carcinoma
| pg. 997 Hagen-Ansert
71
71. What might it mean if we see cystic structures in the choroid plexus?
Usually isolated finding and will resolve by 22-26 weeks
Could be associated with trisomy 18 or trisomy 21 (less common)
pg. 1304 Hagen-Ansert
72
72. What is Meig's Syndrome?
Fibroma is present, Benign tumor of the ovary associated with ascites and pleural effusion
Hagen 1024/ glossary
73
73. What is the maternal side of the placenta called?
Basal plate
| pg. 1221 Hagen-Ansert
74
74. What is the fetal side of the placenta called?
Chorionic plate
| pg. 1221 Hagen-Ansert
75
75. What is the purpose for doing a cephalic index?
It evaluates head shape, such as dolichocephaly and brachycephaly
pg. 1150 Hagen-Ansert
76
76. Normal lung development of a fetus is dependent on what?
Exchange of amniotic fluid within the lungs
| Quizlet
77
77. What do we call ovulatory pain?
Mittleschmerz
Pg. 23 ESP
78
78. What are the features of Trisomy 21?
- Nuchal thickness (=/>6 mm)
- Heart defects
- Duodenal atresia
- Brachycephaly
- Hyperechoic cardiac focus
- Macroglossia
- Echogenic bowel
- Sandal toe deformity
- Shortened femurs
- Clinodactyly
- Low-set ears
- Mild ventriculomegaly
- Microngathia
- Absent nasal bone
- Clenched hands
- Talipes
Pg. 1196 Hagen-Ansert
Pg. 402 Review Book
Beth's ppt.
79
79. What is a molar pregnancy?
Also known as gestational trophoblastic disease; abnormal proliferation of trophoblastic cells in the first trimester
Snowstorm/ grapevine appearance
80
80. When you have an abnormality with one defective gene, what is this called?
Autosomal Dominant
81
81. What is a lemon-shaped head associated with?
Spina Bifida
Hagen-Ansert
Myelomeningocele
Quizlet
82
82. At how many weeks can we see the distal femoral epiphysis?
32 weeks
| pg. 1152 Hagen-Ansert
83
83. How do we measure the cerebellum and cisterna magna? What are the specifics of this?
Cisterna Magna: Normally 5-6mm but can be between 3-11mm...
Measured in view of the posterior fossa...enlargement may indicate a cyst such as Dandy-Walker malformation.
Cerebellum:
Hagen-pg 1113
84
84. What is the normal positioning of the heart?
Lies midline in the chest, with the apex pointing toward the left side at a 45 degree angle.
Pg. 371 Review Book
85
85. What is the most common type of twinning?
Dichorionic/ Diamniotic
Pg. 404 Review Book
86
86. What is the most common type of dwarfism?
Achondroplasia...
2.53 of every 100,000 births. Occurs from spontaneous mutation.
Hagen-pg 1383
87
87. What is the overlapping of cranial sutures called?
Spaulding sign
Hagen pg 1180 & glossary
Craniosynotosis
Pg. 1273 Hagen-Ansert
88
88. What is the most severe form of holoprosencephaly?
Alobar holoprosencephaly
| pg. 1300 Hagen-Ansert
89
89. Omphalocele
A midline defect of the abdominal wall which results in the herniation of bowel or a combination or the liver and bowel into the base of the umbilical cord.
It is covered by a membrane that consists of amnion and peritoneum.
Associated with cardiac defects and chromosomal anomalies (especially trisomies 13 and 18).
Pg. 1326 Hagen-Ansert
90
90. Gastroschisis
Periumbilical defect that nearly always is located to the right of the umbilicus.
An opening in the layers of the abdominal wall with herniation of the bowel, infrequently, the stomach ans genitourinary organs.
Defects are small (2-4 cm) and are located to the normal cord insertion.
Pg. 1330 Hagen-Ansert
91
91. TORCH
```
Toxoplasmosis
Other transplacental infections
Rubella
Cytomegalovirus
Herpes virus type 2
```
92
92. Potter's Syndrome
Bilateral renal agenesis.
Characterized by:
- Renal agenesis
- Pulmonary hypoplasia
- Abnormal facies ( flat nose, recessed chin, abnormal ears, and wide-set eyes)
- Malformed hands and feet
Four types:
1) ARPKD
2) Renal agensis, multicystic kidneys, renal dysplasia
3) ADPKD
4) Renal dysplasia, obstructive kidney disease
Beth's ppt.
93
93. Transposition of the great vessels
Aorta arises from the right ventricle and the pulmonary arteries arise from the left ventricle.
Normal four-chamber heart view
Two great vessels do not crisscross but arise parallel from the base of the heart
Pg. 392 Review Book
94
94. What is a diaphragmatic hernia?
Diaphragm fails to close allowing herniation of the abdominal cavity. The stomach or liver can be located in the thorax.
Sonographic findings:
- Inability to visualize normal diaphragm
- Mediastinal shift
- Usually unilateral, with the left side being more common
- Small abdominal circumference
- Polyhyramnios
Associated with cardiac, renal, chromosomal, and CNS anomalies
Pg. 392 Review Book
95
95. What is hydranencephaly?
Destruction of the cerebral hemispheres by occlusion of the internal carotid arteries. Brain parenchyma is destroyed and replaced by cerebrospinal fluid. 1 in 10,000 births.
May be associated with polyhydramnios.
Hagen-pg 1306
96
96. What is Posterior Urethral Valve Obstruction (PUV)?
An obstruction that is produced by an abnormal congenital membrane within the posterior urethra which causes the inability to pass urine through the urethra.
Occurs in only males.
Results in the overdistention of the urinary bladder.
Sonographic features:
- Dilated bladder
- Dilated posterior urethra ("keyhole" sign)
- Hydroureter
- Hydronephrosis
- Oligohydramnios
Pg. 393 Review Book
97
97. What is the most common urinary obstruction?
Ureteropelvic Junction Obstruction (UPJ)
Pg. 393 Review Book
98
98. What can lead to pulmonary hypoplasia?
Prolonged oligohydramnios or secondary to small thoracic cavity. Also if there is kidney agenesis, masses in the thoracic, or diaphragmatic hernia.
Pg 1314 Hegan-Ansert
99
99. Turner's Syndrome
```
It is the most common karyotype abnormality.
Female only.
Marked by absence of X or Y chromosome.
1 in every 2500 live births.
May include oligohydramnios.
Usually spontaneously abort.
Hagen-pg 1204
```
100
100. What is rhizomelia?
Shortening of the proximal bones. Femur or humerus
| Pg 1382 Hagen-Ansert
101
101. What is mesomelia?
Shortening of the meddle segments. Radius/ulna, tib/fib
| Pg. 1382 Hagen-Ansert
102
102. What is micromelia?
Shortening of all bones
| Pg 1382 Hagen-Ansert
103
103. Edward's Syndrome
Also known as Trisomy 18 and is the second most common chromosomal trisomy (3 in 10,000 live births).
Demonstrates an extra chromosome 18.
Poor prognosis, 95% spontaneously abort, female prevalence.
Sonographic features:
- Heart defects
- Choroid plexus cysts
- Clenched hands (80% of cases)
- Micrognathia
- Clubbed or rocker bottom feet
- Renal anomalies
- Cleft lip and palate
- Omphalocele
- Enlargement of cisterna magna
- Microcephaly
- Small placenta
- Two-vessel cord
- IUGR
Pg. 401 Review Book
104
104. Patau's Syndrome
Also known as Trisomy 13 and occurs in 1 in 5000 births.
Result of an extra chromosome 13, poor prognosis.
Sonographic features:
- Holoprosencepahly
- Heart defects
- Cleft lip and palate
- Omphalocele
- Polydactyly
- Talipes
- Echogenic chordae tendineae
- Renal anomalies
- Meningomyelocele
- Micrognathia
Pg. 1196 Hagen-Ansert and Beth's review ppt.
Fused thalamic cerebri is associated with Patau
Quizlet
105
105. VACTERL
```
VACTERL syndrome:
Vertebral anomalies
Anal anomalies
Cardiac anomalies
Tracheoesophageal Anomalies
Renal anomalies
Limb Anomalies
```
106
106. What is the most common form of conjoined twins?
Thoracopagus-fusion at the chest and involves the heart.
-quizlet
107
107. Know about the placenta
Major role of the placenta is to permit the exchange of oxygenated maternal blood with deoxygenated fetal blood.
Hagen-pg 1139
Also, nutrition, excretion of waste products, protection, storage and hormonal production.
Hagen-pg 1222
108
108. What are common complications of a pregnancy of multiples?
```
Preeclampsia
3rd tri bleeding
Prolapsed cord
Premature delivery
pg. 1182
```
109
109. What is Tetrology of Fallot?
Most common form of cyanotic heart disease in infants and children. Severity of disease varies with the pulmonary stenosis.
Pg 845 Hagen-Ansert
110
KNOW IMAGES FROM BETH'S PPT (20 pictures)
~
111
Possible case study:
A menarche patient presents with a hx of dysmenorrhea and UT tenderness. The myometrium appears inhomogenous on US. Based on hx what might this represent?
Adenomyosis
Quizlet
112
Possible case study:
| A 30 year old pt with normal menses has US on 10th day in her cycle. The endometrium should look like ____.
Thick, hypoechoic functional layer and hyperechoic basal layer
Quizlet
