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KIN 334 (Phys activ, nutr, energy balance) > Obesity I > Flashcards

Obesity I Flashcards

(68 cards)

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1
Q

What is the basic definition of obesity?

A

Increased body weight due to excessive accumulation of fat

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2
Q

How is obesity defined in terms of body fat accumulation and health impact?

A

Obesity is defined as increased body weight due to excessive accumulation of fat, and also as a disease where excess body fat has accumulated to the point of adversely affecting health

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3
Q

What are some health risks associated with obesity?

A

increased risk of diabetes, hypertension, metabolic syndrome, osteoarthritis, and certain cancers

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4
Q

What is ectopic fat?

A

excess adipose tissue that is not classically associated with adipose storage, such as fat around the heart or kidney

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5
Q

What is the role of ectopic fat in the health risks associated with obesity?

A

Ectopic fat, which is fat stored in unusual places such as the heart and kidneys, significantly increases the risk of cardiometabolic disease.

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6
Q

What is the significance of adipocytes as endocrine cells in the context of obesity?

A

Adipocytes, or fat cells, function as endocrine cells that secrete various hormones and substances like adiponectin, leptin, and FFAs. These secretions play a role in metabolic and inflammatory processes linked to obesity.

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7
Q

How does obesity contribute to the development of Type 2 Diabetes?

A

Obesity, particularly abdominal obesity, leads to increased free fatty acids (FFAs), which are taken up by the liver and increase gluconeogenesis, which can result in hyperglycemia and eventually Type 2 Diabetes

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8
Q

What is HbA1c?

A

Average blood sugar over the last 2-3 months

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9
Q

What are some risk factors for Type 2 diabetes?

A

Low physical activity, aging, genetics, and obesity, especially abdominal obesity.

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10
Q

How does excess fat affect the liver?

A

It increases gluconeogenesis and can lead to dyslipoproteinemia (abnormal levels of lipoproteins in blood).

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11
Q

How does excess fat affect adipose tissue?

A

It reduces the antilipolytic effect of insulin, leading to a greater breakdown of fats and release of FFAs

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12
Q

How does excess fat affect skeletal muscle?

A

It causes insulin resistance, reduced glucose uptake, and reduced oxidative potential

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13
Q

How does excess fat affect the pancreas?

A

It causes hyperinsulinemia and potential beta-cell “failure”.

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14
Q

What is lipolysis?

A

The breakdown of lipids

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15
Q

What is the diagnostic criteria for hypertension?

A

Systolic BP ≥140 mmHg and/or diastolic BP ≥90 mmHg. More recent guidelines use ≥130 mmHg and/or ≥80 mmHg.

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16
Q

How is obesity related to hypertension?

A

Obesity is increasingly recognized as a subtype of hypertension, that responds to weight loss and salt restriction

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17
Q

What percentage of overweight/obese individuals have hypertension?

A

40%

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18
Q

What percentage of normal-weight individuals have hypertension?

A

16%

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19
Q

What is primary (essential) hypertension?

A

High blood pressure with no obvious underlying cause, often associated with aging (90-95% of cases)

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20
Q

What is secondary hypertension?

A

Hypertension caused by other conditions, such as kidney problems, artery issues, or diseases

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21
Q

How does the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) relate to obesity and hypertension?

A

The SNS is elevated in both obesity and hypertension, which can be due to impaired baroreflex, increased leptin, FFAs, and angiotensin

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22
Q

What factors cause increased SNS activity in obesity and hypertension?

A

Impaired baroreflex, increased leptin, FFAs, and angiotensin.

angiotensin= hormone that regulates BP by increasing it

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23
Q

How do adipocytes contribute to vascular dysfunction?

A

Increased adipocytes result in inflammation which alters vascular function

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24
Q

What is adiponectin?

A

A hormone secreted exclusively by adipocytes

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25
How does adiponectin relate to body fat?
Adiponectin is inversely proportional to the percentage of body fat.
26
What happens to adiponectin concentrations with weight loss?
Weight loss increases adiponectin concentrations.
27
What is the effect of adiponectin on insulin sensitivity?
Adiponectin increases insulin sensitivity
28
How does obesity increase the risk of cancer?
Individuals with obesity (BMI > 40 kg/m^2) have a higher risk of cancer compared to normal weight individuals | 52% increased risk of cancer for men & 62% increased risk for women
29
How is obesity related to osteoarthritis?
Obesity is a major preventable risk factor for osteoarthritis, not just in weight-bearing joints but also potentially due to the inflammatory environment driven by cytokines
30
What role do cytokines play in osteoarthritis?
Cytokines like leptin, adiponectin, and resistin control local inflammatory processes
31
How does abdominal obesity affect health risks?
Individuals with the same BMI can have different health risks depending on abdominal fat. Excessive abdominal fat carries significant health risks
32
What is visceral fat?
Fat stored deep in the belly around the organs (intestines & liver) and is a key risk factor for disease.
33
What is the most effective way to reduce visceral fat?
by exercising
34
What is the relationship between obesity and various conditions?
Obesity is associated with many conditions, some expected (e.g., dyslipidemia) and some unexpected (e.g., some cancers). The relationship is not always causal
35
What is the relationship between sleep and obesity?
* Shorter sleep is associated with decreased levels of leptin and increased levels of ghrelin, which affect appetite and food intake * Shorter sleep duration is associated with higher BMI
36
What is the role of cortisol in stress and obesity?
* Cortisol, the "stress hormone," can be beneficial short-term but detrimental long-term * can cause insulin resistance, abdominal obesity, hypertension, hyperglycemia, and dyslipidemia when chronically elevated.
37
How does sleep deprivation affect hunger?
Shorter sleep decreases leptin and increases ghrelin, both biological markers for hunger
38
What is Cushing's syndrome?
A condition caused by excess cortisol of any cause
39
How does chronic stress affect weight?
* In response to chronic psychological stress, ~40% gain weight, ~20% remain weight stable and ~40% lose weight, with overweight/obese individuals tending to gain more weight * Chronic stress can cause insulin resistance
40
How does acute stress affect food intake?
Individuals who are high reactors to stress and show a rise in cortisol eat more calories after a stressful test.
41
What is the role of genetics in obesity?
There is a biological predisposition to obesity, including a potential inherited or genetic predisposition but it can be modified by environmental factors
42
What is assortative mating and its implications for obesity?
* Assortative mating is when individuals with similar traits mate * Lean individuals tend to mate with lean individuals * Individuals with obesity tend to mate with individuals with obesity amplifiying the genetic pre-desposition to obesity
43
What is the heritability of obesity?
If a biological parent is obese, there is some sort of genetics at play but it can be modified by the environment
44
What is the role of NEAT (non-exercise activity thermogenesis) in weight management?
Differences between twins in weight gain can be attributed to NEAT because changes in BMR and TEF are similar.
45
What is the effect of exercise on visceral fat?
Exercise can lead to a significant drop in visceral fat.
46
How do genes interact with each other?
Gene-gene interactions occur when the expression of one gene affects the expression of another gene, which can impact obesity
47
What are Gene-Environment Interactions?
constant interactions between genes and environmental factors, that play a role in the development of obesity
48
What is an obesogenic environment?
An environment that promotes obesity where genetic predispositions can be more impactful.
49
What is epigenetics?
The study of cellular mechanisms that modify gene expression without changing the underlying DNA sequence
50
Can epigenetic changes be passed on?
Epigenetic changes may occur during a lifetime, or can be passed on to the next generation and may play a role in obesity
51
How is childhood obesity defined?
Most systems now use BMI, with age and sex-based percentile cut-off points
52
What are the CDC cutoffs for childhood overweight and obesity?
85th percentile of BMI = at risk for overweight; 95th percentile = overweight
53
What are critical periods for the development of childhood obesity?
prenatal and infancy stages, during which factors such as birth weight, breastfeeding, smoking, and exercise can impact obesity risks.
54
How is birthweight related to adult BMI?
The relationship between birth weight and adult BMI is often U-shaped or J-shaped. Both lower and higher birth weights increase the risk of adult obesity
55
How might breastfeeding affect BMI?
Breastfeeding may be associated with slightly lower BMI throughout life.
56
How is smoking during pregnancy related to child BMI?
Smoking during pregnancy may be associated with higher BMI in childhood.
57
How is exercise during pregnancy related to birthweight?
* Exercise during pregnancy is associated with lower rates of high birthweight * exercise can modify the health coutcomes for babies
58
What is the Dutch Famine Study and what does it show about obesity?
individuals exposed to severe calorie restriction during the first and second trimesters of pregnancy had an increased risk of obesity at 19 years old.
59
What is the link between birth weight >4000g and risk of overweight/obesity?
Babies with a birth weight >4000g have an increased risk of being overweight/ having obesity
60
How does supervised exercise during pregnancy impact baby size?
Exercise during pregnancy is associated with a 31% decrease in the risk of a large baby
61
How does gestational weight gain relate to childhood obesity?
Early excessive weight gain during pregnancy is associated with gestational diabetes, postpartum weight retention, and childhood obesity
62
What are some key factors affecting energy balance?
Key factors affecting energy balance include sleep, stress, genetics, epigenetics, obesity in youth, and critical periods of development
63
How does a lack of sleep affect hunger?
Shorter sleep is positively correlated with increased hunger.
64
What is the connection between stress and abdominal obesity?
Chronic stress can lead to abdominal obesity.
65
What is type 1 diabetes?
* Diabetes that is primarily a result of pancreatic beta cell destruction and is prone to ketoacidosis. * This form includes cases due to an autoimmune process and those for which the etiology of beta cell destruction is unknown
66
What is Type 2 diabetes?
Diabetes that ranges from predominantly insulin resistance with relative insulin deficiency to a predominant secretory defect with insuliun resistance
67
What is gestational diabetes?
refers to glucose intolerance with onset or first recognition during pregnancy
68
Diagnosis of diabetes
1. Fasting plasma glucose >7.0 mmol/L. (Fasting = no caloric intake for at least 8 hours) 2. Glycated Hemoglobin 0r HBALC greater than or equal to 6.5% in adults

KIN 334 (Phys activ, nutr, energy balance) (11 decks)

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