Obesity part 1

Question 1

what is the def of obesity

Answer 1

obesity is a chronic progressive and relapsing disease characterized by excess or abnormal adiposity that impairs health and social well being

Question 2

patterns of body fat distribution in man vs woman

Answer 2

men : apple shape
woman: pear shaped

Question 3

what is the advantage of beige/brown depots

Answer 3

people who have more are less prone to be obese

Question 4

hin a fat molecule what are the 2 things it could arrive for an accumulation and lipotoxicity

Answer 4

• hypertrophy ( bigger in size)
• hyperplasia ( higher in number)

Question 5

how can a fat molecule increase in number

Answer 5

de novo

Question 6

the increase in number and size can lead to

Answer 6

inflammariob, fibrosis which can lead to insulin resistance

Question 7

the waist circumference cut off depends on ethnicity. Which ethnicity has a higher waist circumference and which has a lower

Answer 7

higher : caucasian europe, US,
lower : african

Question 8

what happened to the prevalence of obesity from 1980 to 2011

Answer 8

it has doubled

Question 9

the difference of the prevelance of obesity between man and women

Answer 9

men are more overweight and obese class 1, than women. However, women are more obese class 3 than men

Question 10

before obesity was a condition of

Answer 10

people who were rich. They had money so they ate more

Question 11

now obesity is related to

Answer 11

socio-economic status: ethinicity, sex/gender, education

Question 12

obesity is lower on what type of groups

Answer 12

• higher income groups
• more educated
• women more than men

Question 13

what are the 3 most related increases cause of mortality in people who have obesity

Answer 13

• cardiovascular disease
• hypertension
• diabetes

Question 14

BMI and cause of mortality

Answer 14

lower BMI has an increase risk of mortality
lowest risk is the normal BMI
after an BMI of 25 the increase of mortality increases almost linear

Question 15

true or false
mortality, Coronary Heart Disease and diabetes increase as the BMI increase

Answer 15

true

Question 16

intra-abdominal fat is a predictor of what in men

Answer 16

predictor of all-cause mortality

Question 17

an increase of 500grams increases how much in terms of risk of death

Answer 17

2x risk
20%

Question 18

intra abdominal fat increase what in premenopausal women

Answer 18

increase the risk of type 2 diabetes

Question 19

in a graphic where it shows 3 curbs of nonobese women, obese with low intra abdominal fat, and obese with a high intra abdominal fat what would the curbs be if we give a drink that has sugar

Answer 19

normal: the glucose will go up, but after it would go down

obese low abdo fat: the glucose will go up but it will not go down completely (insulin will be high)

obese with high abdo fat: a big spike of glucose in the blood and it would not go down complete ( insulin resistance)

Question 20

what is insulin resistance and where do we see insulin resistant people

Answer 20

insulin resistance is when the person cannot respond to insulin, so they would have a high glucose sugar because the glucose is not going into the cell. However the body is still making insulin but the body is not responding

Question 21

obesity increases what types of cancer in females/males and both

Answer 21

females: endometrium, ovary, cervix and breast

male: prostate, pancreas, oesophagus

both: colon, gallbladder, kidney and liver

Question 22

obesity and hepatobiliary disorder

Answer 22

abdominal obesitity can increase non alcoholic fatty liver disease

Question 23

what are the process of a non alcoholic fatty liver disease

Answer 23

steatosis-> seteatohepatitis -> cirrhoris -> liver failure

Question 24

what is the risk of obesity and gallstones

Answer 24

the risk increases when the person has a BMI over 30 and if the person has a rapid weight loss it can also increase the risk

Question 25

what are the risk of obesity and reproductive disorders in male and women

Answer 25

risk in males are: reduced testosterone and increased estrogen levels. Plus Gynecomastia ( bigger breast) risk in women: Polyastric ovary syndrome. Plus during pregnancy, they can have gestational diabetes/ labor and delivery complication/ fetal and maternal death

Question 26

what is the etiology (causes ) of obesity

Answer 26

- energy balance - appetite and body weight regulation - genes - env factors - medical conditions and medication

Question 27

how is our physiology not prepared for the modern world

Answer 27

our genes and metabolism evolved in a context of starvation, to conserve and store energy - critical to survive. Therefore, our body is not apt to the amount of food and the sedentarism- our body wants to keep and store that energy

Question 28

how is the energy balance of a person who is obese

Answer 28

high energy intake: high fat, energy dense foods, low cost, available foods and large portion sizes low energy expenditure : sedentary behaviours - less work related physical activity and less activities of daily living

Question 29

energy expenditure components in sedentary obese

Answer 29

they have a higher resting energy expenditure. They have a bigger body and more fat free mass therefore they will expand more energy

Question 30

what is the difference between satiety, satiation and appetite

Answer 30

satiety: feeling of fullness after eating satiation: state of being satisfactorily full associated with the length of time between meals appetite: desire to eat

Question 31

which pathways in the hypothalamus stimulates appetite and decrease appetite

Answer 31

NPY, AgRP : stimulates CART,aplhaMSH : inhibits

Question 32

what are the hormones that stimulate hunger and the hormones that inhibit hunger

Answer 32

stimulates: ghrelin inhibits: gut - CCP , fat : leptin (some people ar resistant to this), insulin, amulin

Question 33

how are genes and obesity related to

Answer 33

obesity is a polygenic disease : multiple genes have small effect on predisposition

Question 34

how can gene affect obesity

Answer 34

genes may affect is several aspects : regulation of appetite, metabolism and distribution of fat

Question 35

Explain some studies of how are genes related to obesity in identical twin

Answer 35

in identical twin they have 50-80% of their BMI is explained by genetic.

Question 36

true or false antidepressants are widely used to different conditions and they an lead to obesity

Answer 36

true

Question 37

what are some things in the environmental factors that won't let a person lose weight ( promote a sedentary life and high cal food)

Answer 37

obesogenic env : physcal, social cultural and econimic factors that promote weight gain and barriers to weight loss - neighbourhood, workplace, transported and screen time can promote a sedetary life - accessibility to food at low cost, large portion and energy dense food - high caloric

Question 38

true or false is sleep deprivation associated with obesity

Answer 38

true

Question 39

how do we assess obesity

Answer 39

- dietary history and habits - physical act - medical, psychosocial, cultural - behavioural aspects

Question 40

give examples of how dietary history and habits affect obesity

Answer 40

- weight history and diet can affect the metabolism - food intake - patterns of meals (what time food is consumed, with whom, what reason) - ability to cook - allergies, intolerances - medications - emotional eating - eat to punish yourself

Question 41

what is the number of physical activity level when it is - low - moderate -high

Answer 41

low : 1.3 moderate: 1.5 high: 1.8

Question 42

examples of medical, psychosocial, cultural aspects for people with obesity

Answer 42

- physical examination, blood pressure, lab test - complications with diabtetes - pregnancy, age - psychological disorders - practices and belies - patient's readiness

Question 43

what are some aspect of behavioural aspects

Answer 43

readiness to change (right time, social support, long term changes)