Obesity/ some of Starvation

Question 1

how do you calculate BMI

Answer 1

weight(kg)/ height (m2)

Question 2

value of BMI that is considered obese

Answer 2

> /= 30kg/m2

Question 3

value of BMI that is considered overweight

Answer 3

25-29.9kg/m2

Question 4

metabolic effects of obesity

Answer 4

dyslipidemia, glucose intolerance, insulin resistance

Question 5

those who are obese have an increased risk of…

Answer 5

atherosclerosis, cardiovascular disease, stroke, diabetes, cancer

Question 6

two kinds of body fat

Answer 6

visceral (worse) and subcutaneous

Question 7

visceral and abdominal fat are released into _______, then taken up by ______ and contribute to _______ in the blood

Answer 7

portal vein, liver, higher VLDL

Question 8

subcutaneous fat enters _______ and is used by ______ before reaching the liver

Answer 8

general circulation, muscle

Question 9

more weight below the waist indicates a higher amount of what fat

Answer 9

subcutaneous (pear shaped figure)

Question 10

more weight above the waist indicates a higher amount of what fat

Answer 10

visceral (apple shaped figure)

Question 11

conditions associated with more weight above the waist

Answer 11

syndrome X or metabolic syndrome

Question 12

percentage of TAGs in chylomicrons

Answer 12

85%

Question 13

what happens to body’s TAG content as BMI increases from 20 to 30

Answer 13

it doubles

Question 14

what happens to adipocytes with modest weight gain

Answer 14

hypertrophy

Question 15

what happens to adipocytes with excessive weight gain

Answer 15

hypertrophy and hyperplasia

Question 16

molecules and hormones that adipocytes produce

Answer 16

free fatty acid, adiponectin (insulin resistance), cytokines (inflammation), and leptin (appetite control/weight gain)

Question 17

factors that regulate body weight

Answer 17

genetic and environment

Question 18

mutation in what gene can produce hyperphagia and massive obesity

Answer 18

leptin gene and its receptors

hyperphagia is excessive hunger/increased appetite

Question 19

what secretes ghrelin and cholecystokinin(CCK)

Answer 19

ghrelin released by stomach and CCK by small intestine

Question 20

tissues affected by obesity

Answer 20

liver, muscle, adipose

Question 21

clustering of atherosclerotic and cardiovascular disease

Answer 21

metabolic syndrome

Question 22

risk factors of metabolic syndrome

Answer 22

visceral adiposity (obesity), insulin resistance, low levels of HDLs, systemic proinflammatory state

Question 23

indicators of metabolic syndrome

Answer 23

elevated fasting blood glucose, elevated waist circumference, elevated TAGs, reduced HDL cholesterol, elevated blood pressure

Question 24

strong correlation between weight gain and …

Answer 24

insulin resistance

Question 25

insulin resistance results in..

Answer 25

increased synthesis of VLDL, increased TAGs in circulation, increased risk of atherosclerosis

Question 26

why are people with metabolic syndrome not considered diabetes despite their insulin resistance

Answer 26

they produce enough insulin to keep some of the effects of insulin on target tissues working

Question 27

pharmacologic appetite suppressant that increases fullness

Answer 27

sibutramine (no longer on the market)

Question 28

pharmacologic gastric and lipase inhibitor that inhibits the digestion of TAGs

Answer 28

orlistat

Question 29

BMI of a person considered morbidly obese

Answer 29

>35

Question 30

why is ketone body activation considered very efficient

Answer 30

it does not need an ATP to be activated | you go from beta hydroxybutyrate to acetoacetate and form NADH = 3ATP

Question 31

B2/riboflavin deficiency

Answer 31

cheilosis

Question 32

microcytic anemia can develop from deficiencies in what

Answer 32

vit B6, iron, copper

Question 33

macrocytic anemia can develop from deficiencies in what

Answer 33

vit B12 and folic acid

Question 34

protein calorie malnutrition, energy deficiency is predominant

Answer 34

marasmus

Question 35

cancer, aids, chronic pulmonary and renal disease can lead to

Answer 35

cachexia (loss of appetite and muscle atrophy)