objective 2.2 (pt.1) (1)

Question 1

drugs that stimulate the SNS

Answer 1

adrenergic drugs

Question 2

what are the adrenergic drug characteristics?

Answer 2

norepinephrine
epinphrine
dopamine

Question 3

located throughout the body
are receptors for the sympathetic neurotransmitters

Answer 3

adrenergic receptors

Question 4

what are the adrenergic receptors?

Answer 4

α-Adrenergic receptors
ß-Adrenergic receptors
Dopaminergic receptors

Question 5

what are the two groups of α-Adrenergic receptors?

Answer 5

α1 - and α2 -receptors

Question 6

Located on postsynaptic effector cells (the cell, muscle, or organ the nerve stimulates)

Answer 6

α1 -Adrenergic receptors

Question 7

Located on presynaptic nerve terminals (the nerve that stimulates the effector cells)

Answer 7

α2 -Adrenergic receptors

Question 8

Vasoconstriction & Central nervous system (CNS) stimulation

Answer 8

α-Adrenergic Agonist Responses

Question 9

all are located on the postsynaptic effector cells

Answer 9

ꞵ-Adregergic receptors

Question 10

what are the types of ꞵ-Adregergic receptors?

Answer 10

ß1 -Adrenergic receptors
ß2 -Adrenergic receptors

Question 11

located primarily in the heart

Answer 11

ß1 -Adrenergic receptors

Question 12

located in smooth muscle of the bronchioles, arterioles, and visceral organs

Answer 12

ß2 -Adrenergic receptors

Question 13

Binds directly to the receptor and causes a physiological response

Answer 13

direct-acting sympathomimetic

Question 14

Causes release of catecholamine from storage sites (vesicles) in nerve endings
Catecholamine then binds to receptors and causes a physiological response.

Answer 14

indirect-acting sympathomimetic

Question 15

Directly stimulates the receptor by binding to it
Indirectly stimulates the receptor by causing the release of stored neurotransmitters from vesicles in the nerve endings

Answer 15

mixed-acting sympathomimetic

Question 16

what does stimulation of α-adrenergic receptors on smooth muscles results in?

Answer 16

Vasoconstriction of blood vessels; Relaxation of GI smooth muscles (decreased motility); Constriction of bladder sphincter; Contraction of uterus; Male ejaculation; Contraction of pupillary muscles of the eye (dilated pupils)

Question 17

what does stimulation of ß1 -adrenergic receptors on the myocardium, atrioventricular (AV) node, and sinoatrial node (SA) result in?

Answer 17

Increased force of contraction; Increased heart rate; Increased conduction through AV node

Question 18

what does stimulation of ß2 -adrenergic receptors on the airways result in?

Answer 18

bronchodilation (relaxation of the bronchi).
Other effects of ß2 -adrenergic stimulation: Uterine relaxation; Glycogenolysis in the liver; Increased renin secretion in the kidneys; Relaxation of GI smooth muscles (decreased motility)

Question 19

drugs that stimulate ß2 -adrenergic receptors of bronchial smooth muscles, causing relaxation, resulting in bronchodilation

Answer 19

bronchodilators

Question 20

how do we treat asthma and bronchitis?

Answer 20

bronchodilators

Question 21

what are common bronchodilators?

Answer 21

formoterol fumurate dihydrate, salbutamol, salmeterol, xinafoate, and terbutaline sulphate.

Question 22

how do we treat nasal congestion?

Answer 22

Intranasal (topical) application
α1 -Adrenergic receptors

Question 23

causes constriction of dilated arterioles and reduction of nasal blood flow, thus decreasing congestion.

Answer 23

intranasal (topical) application

Question 24

what are examples of intranasal (topical) application?

Answer 24

oxymetazoline hydrochloride and phenylephrine hydrochloride

Question 25

what can α-Adrenergic receptors also be used to treat?

Answer 25

open-angle glaucoma temporary relief of conjunctival congestion

Question 26

Also called cardioselective sympathomimetics. Used to support the heart during cardiac failure or shock; various α- and ß-receptors affected.

Answer 26

vasoactive sympathomimetics

Question 27

what are examples of vasoactive sympathomimetics?

Answer 27

Dobutamine Dopamine Midodrine Epinephrine Phenylephrine Norepinephrine

Question 28

Stimulates ß1 -receptors on heart muscle (myocardium); increases cardiac output by increasing contractility (positive inotropy), which increases stroke volume, especially in patients with heart failure. Intravenous drug; given by continuous infusion

Answer 28

dobutamine hydrochloride

Question 29

Naturally occurring catecholamine neurotransmitter, Potent dopaminergic as well as ß1 - and α1 -adrenergic receptor activity, Low dosages: can dilate blood vessels in the brain, heart, kidneys, and mesentery, which increases blood flow to these areas (dopaminergic receptor activity), Higher infusion rates: improve cardiac contractility and output (ß1 -adrenergic receptor activity) , Highest doses: vasoconstriction (α1 -adrenergic receptor activity)

Answer 29

dopamine hydrochloride

Question 30

Acts directly on both the α- and ß- receptors of tissues , Administered in emergency situations, One of the primary vasoactive drugs used in many advanced cardiac life support protocols.

Answer 30

epinephrine hydrochloride

Question 31

Stimulates α-adrenergic receptors, Causes vasoconstriction, Direct-stimulating ß-adrenergic effects on the heart (ß1 -adrenergic receptors), No stimulation to ß2 -adrenergic receptors of the lung, Treatment of hypotension and shock, Administered by continuous infusion

Answer 31

norepinephrine betartrate

Question 32

what are the AE of α-Adrenergic drugs?

Answer 32

CNS: Headache, restlessness, excitement, insomnia, euphoria Cardiovascular: Palpitations (dysrhythmias), tachycardia, vasoconstriction, hypertension Other: Loss of appetite, dry mouth, nausea, vomiting, taste changes (rare)

Question 33

what are the AE of ß-Adrenergic drugs?

Answer 33

CNS: Mild tremors, headache, nervousness, dizziness, insomnia, euphoria Cardiovascular: Chest pain, increased heart rate, palpitations (dysrhythmias), hypertension, vasoconstriction Other: Sweating, nausea, vomiting, muscle cramps

Question 33

what are the interactions of adrenergic drugs?

Answer 33

Anaesthetic drugs Digoxin Tricyclic antidepressants Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) Antihistamines Thyroid preparations