objective 2.6 (1)

Question 1

Responsible for the regulation and elimination of body fluids

Answer 1

urinary system

Question 2

what is the urinary system composed of?

Answer 2

kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra

Question 3

functional unit of the kidney

Answer 3

nephron

Question 4

filter the bloodstream, removing waste products, water and electrolytes

Answer 4

kidneys

Question 5

iltration of plasma by the glomerulus;
filtered substances include water, sodium, chloride,
bicarbonate, potassium, glucose, urea, creatinine and uric acid

Answer 5

glomerular filtration

Question 6

iltrate enters Bowman’s capsule and
then moves through the tubular system of the nephron and is
either reabsorbed into the systemic circulation or excreted as
urine

Answer 6

tubular reabsorption

Question 7

formed urine drains from the collecting
tubules, into the renal pelvis and down the ureters to the
bladder

Answer 7

tubular secreation

Question 8

what are the functions of the kidneys?

Answer 8

 Urine formation
 Excretion of waste products
 regulation of electrolytes
 regulation of acid-base balance
 control of water balance
 control of blood pressure
 regulation of red blood cell production (erythropoetin)
 synthesis of vitamin D to active form
 secretion of prostaglandins
 regulates calcium and phosphorus balance
 activates growth hormone

Question 9

Measures the amount
of urea in blood

Answer 9

blood urea nitrogen

Question 10

is cleared from the blood and excreted by
the kidneys

Answer 10

urea

Question 11

what can urea be affected by?

Answer 11

protein breakdown,
dehydration, overhydration and liver failure, so it is
not an infallible test of kidney function

Question 12

he waste product of creatinine phosphate, a
high-energy compound found in skeletal muscle tissue

Answer 12

creatinine

Question 13

evaluates renal function by evaluating
damage to nephrons

Answer 13

serum creatinine

Question 14

Used as an
indication of the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

Answer 14

creatinine clearance test

Question 15

what is the normal creatinine?

Answer 15

125ml/min

Question 16

measurement of the
concentration of urine as compared to water

Answer 16

urine osmolality

Question 17

measures amount of uric acid in
blood (as in gout)

Answer 17

uric acid level

Question 18

urine color should be…?

Answer 18

yellow

Question 19

clarity should be…?

Answer 19

clear

Question 20

 Defined as a drug that increases the excretion of urine
(water, electrolytes and waste products) by the kidneys
 Mainstay of therapy for the treatment of hypertension and
heart failure and for prevention of kidney damage during
acute kidney injury

Answer 20

diuretics

Question 21

what are the types of the diuretics?

Answer 21

• Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
• Loop diuretics
• Osmotic Diuretics
• Potassium sparing diuretics
• Thiazides and related diuretics

Question 22

what is the MOA of carbonic anhydrate inhibitors?

Answer 22

inhibit carbonic anhydrase which causes the excretion of sodium,
potassium bicarbonate, and water
 They are sulfanomides with non-bacteriostatic action

Question 23

what are the indications of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors?

Answer 23

 Adjunct drugs in the long-term management of open-angle glaucoma
and adjunct therapy for secondary glaucoma
 Used with miotics to lower intraocular pressure before ocular surgery in
certain cases

Question 24

what are the contraindications of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors?

Answer 24

Known drug allergy, Hyponatremia, Hypokalemia, Severe kidney or liver
dysfunction, Adrenal gland insufficiency, Cirrhosis

Question 25

what are the AE of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors?

Answer 25

Acidosis, Hypokalemia, Drowsiness, Anorexia, Paresthesias, Hematuria, Urticaria, Photosensitivity, Melena (blood in the stool)

Question 26

what are the interactions of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors?

Answer 26

 An increase in digoxin toxicity may occur when they are combined with digoxin.  Can cause hypokalemia, and use with corticosteroids may also cause hypokalemia.  Increased effects of amphetamines, carbamazepine, cyclosporine, phenytoin, and quinidine sulphate with concurrent use of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors

Question 27

what is the MOA of loop diuretics?

Answer 27

nhibiting the reabsorption of sodium and chloride ions in the distal and proximal tubules.  Used to manage edema  Increases the dilation of blood vessels and reduced kidney, pulmonary, and systemic vascular resistance

Question 28

what are the intended effects and side effects of loop diuretics?

Answer 28

Intended Effects: * Urine output is increase, Urine is lighter in color, Blood pressure is lower Side Effects: * dizziness, light-headedness, postural hypotension, hypokalemia, hyponatremia

Question 29

what is the MOA of osmotic diuretics?

Answer 29

increases the density of the filtrate in the glomerulus which prevents the reabsorption of water which allows the water to be excreted.

Question 30

what are the AE of osmotic diuretics?

Answer 30

 Convulsions, Thrombophlebitis, Pulmonary congestion  Other: headaches, chest pains, tachycardia, blurred vision, chills, and fever

Question 31

what is the MOA of potassium-sparing diuretics?

Answer 31

Increase sodium and water excretion; depress the excretion of potassium

Question 32

what are the indications of potassium-sparing diuretics?

Answer 32

* Hyperaldosteronism * Hypertension * Reversing potassium loss caused by potassium-wasting diuretics * Certain cases of heart failure: prevention of remodelling

Question 33

 Antagonist to aldosterone, a hormone produced by the adrenals which enhances the reabsorption of sodium; blocking of this action causes and increase in sodium excretion but not potassium; pg. 492 Drug profile.  Often prescribed for children with heart failure.  can cause gynecomastia, amenorrhea and irregular menses and postmenopausal bleeding.

Answer 33

spironolactone

Question 34

what are the AE of potassium-sparing diuretics?

Answer 34

* Central nervous system: Dizziness, headache * Gastrointestinal: Cramps, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea * Other: Urinary frequency, weakness, hyperkalemia

Question 35

what is the MOA and indications of thiazide and thiazide-like diuretics?

Answer 35

MOA: Inhibit tubular resorption of sodium, chloride, and potassium ions  Results in decreased extracellular fluid volume though increased fluid excretion., Dilate the arterioles by direct relaxation, Decrease preload and afterload INDICATIONS  Hypertension (one of the most prescribed group of drugs for this),  Edema  Heart Failure

Question 36

what are the AE of thiazide/like diuretics?

Answer 36

Dizziness, headache, blurred vision, GI disturbances, Erectile dysfunction, Jaundice, Urticaria, photosensitivity, Hypokalemia, glycosuria, hyperglycemia, hyperuricemia, hypochloremic alkalosis